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Ch.1 Physics > Ch.4 The Atom > Flashcards

Ch.4 The Atom Flashcards

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1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has shape or form and occupies space

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2
Q

What is a substance?

A

Any material with a definite and constant composition

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3
Q

What is the simplest form of a substance?

A

An Element

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4
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by ordinary means.

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5
Q

What is an element comprised of?

A

A group of identical atoms that share specific chemical behavior.

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6
Q

What is the smallest single unit of an element?

A

An Atom

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7
Q

What is a compound?

A
  • A substance in which atoms of different elements are chemically bound together.
  • It does not require two different elements to bind, but two different atoms.
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8
Q

Describe a mixture.

A
  • The combination of two or more substances in such a way that they are NOT chemically bound together.
  • Mixtures are mechanically stirred together and given time seperate.
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9
Q

What is a molecule?

A
  • Any time two or more atoms are chemically bound together.

- It is the smallest unit of any chemical compound.

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10
Q

What determines if elements are chemically bound together?

A
  • By the sharing of their electrons in the outermost shells.

- Can only be separated by chemically separating them from each-other by interacting with other chemicals

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11
Q

What is an atomic number comprised of?

A
  • protons

- otherwise known as the Z number

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12
Q

What are the 2 basic elements radiographers should know?

A
  • Hydrogen-H-1

- Helium-He-2

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13
Q

What are the 3 elements in the body radiographers should know?

A

Carbon-C-6
Oxygen-O-8
Calcium-Ca-20

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14
Q

What x-ray filter element should radiographers know?

A

Aluminum- Al- 13

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15
Q

What contrast agent element should radiographers know?

A

Iodine-I-53

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16
Q

What image receptor elements should radiographers know?

A

Barium-Ba-56

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17
Q

What X-ray tube elements should radiographers know?

A

Tungsten-W-74

Rhenium-Re-75

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18
Q

What sheilding elements should radiographers know?

A

Lead-Pb-82

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19
Q

What radioactive elements should radiographers know?

A

Uranium-U-92

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20
Q

What are atoms mostly comprised of?

A

empty space

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21
Q

What are the positive charges in the nucleus?

A

protons

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22
Q

What does the law of periodicity state?

A

That the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic mass.

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23
Q

Why are neutrons relatively unstable?

A
  • They decay, especially when they are outside of an atomic nucleus.
  • They fall apart into their component proton and electron.
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24
Q

Describe Beta Radiation.

A

When a neutron decays it breaks apart into a proton and electron. Because the electron is so much smaller in mass than the proton it is ejected at a high speed from the larger particle thus creating beta radiation.
-This is a natural form of radioactivity.

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25
Q

How are electrons configured outside of the nucleus?

A

In shells orbiting the nucleus.

26
Q

Describe the shells that orbit the nucleus.

A
  • up to 7 shells arranged like the layers of an onion
  • concentric circles
  • labeled alphabetically from K-P
27
Q

What are the two rules of electron configuration?

A
  1. 2N’2

2. octet rule

28
Q

Describe the 2N’2 rule.

A

The maximum number of electrons which can occupy a shell under any conditions is equal to 2N’2 where N is the shell number.
-“K” is shell 1 so N=1

29
Q

What is the principle quantum number?

A

the shell number

30
Q

Describe the octet rule.

A

The outermost shell of an atom can never hold more than 8 electrons.

  • This rule overrides rule #1
  • only sets a maximum number allowed in a shell not a minimum
31
Q

What do the shells set up around the nucleus?

A

It sets up a negative screen around the nucleus which shields other electrons from outside of the atom from the positive pull of the nucleus.

32
Q

Because of the screening of the positive pull of the nucleus, neutral atoms with exactly 8 electron in the outermost shell have no tendency at all to connect with other atoms, these atoms are said to be…

A

chemically inert

33
Q

What is special about inert elements?

A

They do not combine with other elements to form compunds

34
Q

Which elements are inert?

A

Noble gases such as helium, neon, argon etc

35
Q

Describe covalent bonding.

A

When two atoms come together because they both have an odd number of electrons which leaves a hole in the screen around the nucleus where the positive pull of the nucleus can be felt by outside electrons or other atoms.

  • They literally share their unpaired electrons
  • Both electrons, one from each atom, goes back and forth sharing the unpaired electron which fills its suborbitals
36
Q

What is the most common form of chemical boding between atoms?

A

Covalent bonding

37
Q

What is an ion?

A

Any electrically charged particle

38
Q

Describe a positive ion.

A
  • an atom that loses an electron through a chemical process, such as with x radiation
  • has enough energy to eject electrons out of its shells
  • has a net electric charge of +1
39
Q

If covalent bonding is a short distance phenomenon, what is ionic bonding?

A

A long distance phenomenon

40
Q

Describe Ionization.

A
  • the gain or loss of an electron by an atom

- if an electron gains too much energy it cant stay in its orbit and is ejected

41
Q

What happens when numerous ionizations occur?

A

It frees up many electrons, those electrons can be attracted to a positively charged plate and flow down a wire creating an electrical current.
-This is the fundamental basis of most imaging and detection devices for x-rays

42
Q

What is another way ionization can occur?

A
  • From the physical collision between particles

- This type occurs in the X-ray tube anode during the production of the x-ray beam

43
Q

Describe what happens in the X-ray tube in regards to ionization.

A
  • A high speed electron from the hot cathode filament is accelerated toward the anode disc.
  • When the electron smashes into the disc it can physically collide with an orbital electron in a tungsten or rhenium atom causing it to ricochet out of the atom, thus ionizing the atom.
44
Q

What are nucleons?

A

All of the large particles comprising the atomic nucleus, including the protons and neutrons

45
Q

The sum total of protons plus neutrons (the number of nucleons) is called what?

A

The atomic mass

- under each element on the periodic chart

46
Q

What are gluons?

A

Additional particles in the nucleus that mediate the strong nuclear force that flows between all the protons and neutrons to hold the nucleus together.
-add to the weight of the nucleus

47
Q

A-Z=N is what?

A

total nucleons (atomic mass) - protons (atomic number) = neutrons in the atom

48
Q

The splitting of atomic nuclei into smaller fragments is what?

A

Nuclear Fission

49
Q

The forcing together of two smaller nuclei to form a single larger nucleus is what?

A

Nuclear Fusion

-occurs in stars and sun

50
Q

Both nuclear fission and fusion processes result in what?

A

The release of large amounts of energy that can be used for power

51
Q

Describe ground state of an atom.

A
  • the ideal number of neutrons in the nucleus which results in the most stable configuration, this positions the nucleus as a whole at its lowest possible energy state.
  • all nuclei seek this low energy state just as all objects seek out their lowest point in a gravity field
52
Q

What causes an atom to become unstable?

A

By having too few or too many neutrons in its nucleus

53
Q

An unstable nucleus is also referred to as what?

A

a radioactive nucleus

54
Q

Define a radioisotope.

A

any atom that is radioactive because it has too few or too many neutrons

55
Q

T/F: There is a range of neutrons that can be held within the nucleus without making it unstable or radioactive

A

True

56
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A
  • the loss of any mass or energy from the nucleus of an atom.
  • can alter the number of protons in the nucleus thus changing the identity of the element.
57
Q

Define Transmutation.

A

The changing of one element into another by radioactive decay.

58
Q

What three naturally occurring types of radiation allow the nucleus to lose some of its energy in order for the element to seek a more stable nuclear configuration by emitting the radiation?

A
  • Alpha radiation-consisting of particles
  • Beta radiation- consisting of particles
  • Gamma radiation- consisting of electromagnetic radiation
59
Q

Describe the alpha radiation in an unstable nucleus.

A
  • large alpha particles are emitted by very unstable nuclei
  • each alpha particle has 2 protons with 2 neutrons that break off the nucleus
  • the Z# drops by 2 and the A number drops by 4
  • leads to a new element-2 columns to the left on the periodic table
60
Q

Describe beta radiation in an unstable nucleus.

A
  • occurs when the nucleus is moderately unstable
  • most efficient way to reach its ground state
  • small particles identical to electrons but travel at high speeds
  • a neutron decays creating a proton and electron
  • the electron is easier to move so it leaves the nucleus at high speed leaving the proton behind creating beta radiation
61
Q

What are the transmutation effects that beta radiation has on the atom?

A
  • atom has an extra proton increasing the Z# by 1=A#up1
  • atom lost a neutron so the N# goes down by 1
  • element

Ch.1 Physics (3 decks)

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