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Intro Psych 2 > Intro to Psych Final Exam > Flashcards

Intro to Psych Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical conditioning is less likely to occur if the conditioned stimulus (CS):

A

always precedes the US

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1
Q

Obnoxious Stanley warns others that he is in the vicinity by his style of clanky walking. In this example, clanky walking is a(n):

A

conditioned stimulus

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2
Q

If one wishes to extinguish a response learned via reinforcement, (s)he will find that the response will be more difficult to extinguish if the response was originally learned under a _________ schedule.

A

partial reinforcement

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3
Q

Repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus alone, without the unconditioned stimulus will lead to

A

extinction

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4
Q

After classical conditioning between two stimuli (bell tone associated with food) is established, _________ conditioning can occur. This type of conditioning refers to the phenomenon in which a second conditioned stimulus (e.g., a flash of light) is associated with the first conditioned stimulus (e.g., the bell tone).

A

second-order

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5
Q

Mr. White has a bee phobia. According to the_________ explanation, Mr. White has learned to associate a conditioned stimulus (i.e., the bee) with an unconditioned stimulus (one or more bee stings).

A

classical conditioning

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6
Q

Attempts of politicians to associate themselves with patriotic symbols such as the American flag could be seen as an example of _________.

A

second-order (i.e., higher-order) conditioning

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7
Q

Mr. Alexander’s two kids Kerry and Terry are fighting so Mr. Alexander takes away their TV privileges for the day. Mr. Alexander is decreasing the probability of fighting via

A

negative punishment

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8
Q

Mr. Alexander’s two kids Kerry and Terry are fighting so Mr. Alexander spanks them. Mr. Alexander is decreasing the probability of fighting via

A

positive punishment

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9
Q

_________ refers to the phenomenon by which the perceived value of something diminishes the longer one has to wait to receive it.

A

Delay discounting

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10
Q

In which of the following situations would two variables be related most strongly (note: the correlation coefficient is denoted by r)?

A

.75

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10
Q

A rat learns that pressing a red button produces a good feeling. It does this because pushing the button causes the nucleus accumbens to receive mild stimulation. At test, the rat responds (i.e., presses the button) frequently to a button that is of a slightly different color than the one for which (s)he was reinforced with during learning. This phenomenon is known as stimulus generalization, and in this situation it applies to the type of learning known as

A

operant conditioning

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11
Q

In an experiment by Wilcoxin et al. (1971), rats and birds were tested in a classical conditioning procedure. In the first phase of the experiment, blue and salty water was paired with a tasteless chemical that produced nausea in the animals. In the second phase of the experiment, the animals were placed in a chamber that had one container of colorless salty water and another contained of blue (but not salty) water. In this second phase of the experiment, the rats avoided which type of water?

A

salty

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12
Q

In an experiment by Garcia and Koeling (1966), bright, noisy, and sweet water was paired with an electric shock during an initial phase. In the test phase, the rats were placed in a chamber that had one container of bright and noisy (but not sweet) water and another container of sweet (but not bright and noisy) water. In the test phase, the rats avoided which type of water?

A

bright and noisy

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12
Q

In an experiment by Garcia and Koeling (1966), bright, noisy, and sweet water was paired with a stimulus that produced nausea during an initial phase. In the test phase, the rats were placed in a chamber that had one container of bright and noisy (but not sweet) water and another container of sweet (but not bright and noisy) water. In the test phase, the rats avoided which type of water?

A

sweet

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters are usually released at the __________ of one neuron and are received by the dendrites of another neuron.

A

terminal buttons

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14
Q

The synapse is the

A

tiny space between a terminal button of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron.

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15
Q

Neurons fire when they receive

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

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16
Q

The ___________period occurs immediately after a neuron produces an action potential.

A

absolute refractory period

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17
Q

During the, _________, a neuron can produce an action potential, but a stronger than normal excitatory input is required.

A

relative refractory period

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18
Q

Some neurons produce _________. These are membrane potentials that depolarize in proportion to the intensity of the input rather than in an all or nothing fashion.

A

graded potentials

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19
Q

_____________ occurs when an ignored stimulus on Trial 1 takes longer to respond to on Trial 2 than if it was not previously ignored.

A

Negative priming

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20
Q

________ provides insulation to the axon that speeds the neural signal.

A

Myelin

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21
Q

Olds and Milner (1954) inserted electrodes into the brains of rats. When the rats pressed a bar, they received a mild stimulation to the brain via the electrode. In their study, the rats repeatedly pressed the bar for extended periods of time in order to receive the stimulation. While we are uncertain as to exactly where the stimulation occurred, a likely candidate would be the

A

nucleus accumbens

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22
Q

A double dissociation provides the best evidence that

A

two cognitive processes are separate and independent.

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23
Q

Regarding attentional neglect, it is far more common for neglect to happen for the left side of space than the right side of space. Which of the following is a plausible reason for this?

A

The right hemisphere is dominant for visual spatial attention. When the left hemisphere is damaged, the right hemisphere can compensate, but when the right hemisphere is damaged the non-dominant left hemisphere cannot adequately compensate

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24
Q

Regarding reference to the location of brain structures, _________ refers to a structure that is more in front, and _______ refers to a structure that is more in back.

A

anterior; posterior

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25
Q

Regarding reference to the location of brain structures, _________ refers to a structure that is more toward the top, and _______ refers to a structure that is more toward the bottom.

A

superior; inferior

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26
Q

__________ represents a computer simulation approach that can be likened to a real neural network.

A

Parallel-distributed-processing

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27
Q

Which of the following structures is most strongly tied to emotion and emotional memory?

A

amygdala

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28
Q

The ________ is the main commissure in the brain.

A

corpus callosum

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29
Q

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) produces

A

mild stimulation of an area of the brain.

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30
Q

Based on research by Strayer and colleagues, talking on the cell phone while driving is associated with worse driving performance than

A

driving while drunk at a blood-alcohol concentration level of .08.

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31
Q

A(n) _________ is produced from independent EEG waves that are averaged across trials.

A

event related potential (ERP)

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32
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between how sensory information received at the eyes is processed by the brain?

A

All information appearing to the left of fixation is processed initially by the right hemisphere, and all information appearing to the right of fixation is processed initially by the left hemisphere.

33
Q

The ________ is known as the relay station of the brain because most sensory information that is bound for the cortex passes through this structure first.

A

thalamus

34
Q

____________ produces temporary “virtual lesions.”

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

35
Q

When the neuron is at its resting state (i.e., resting potential), there are more ________ charged ions inside the cell than outside of it.

A

negatively

36
Q

In the standard Stroop task, the incongruent condition refers to the situation where

A

the color and the color name mismatch (the word blue appears in red font).

37
Q

Which of the following scenarios is an example of metacognition in action?

A

You take extensive notes during lecture because you know that you will have difficulty remembering the information later if you do not.

38
Q

Based on the research of Davidson and Fox (1989) and Fox (1991), having ______ approach 10-month old child will result in an increase in left hemisphere activity as measured by EEG relative to having ______ approach the child.

A

the child’s mother, a stranger

39
Q

One names the color of a word in the ______ task.

A

Stroop

40
Q

Psychologists have used the statistical technique known as __________ to reduce the number of personality traits from 200 traits to a more manageable number.

A

factor analysis

41
Q

For most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for

A

language

42
Q

The _______ is a brain structure that has been hypothesized to resolve response competition.

A

anterior cingulate

43
Q

In the typical serial position curve for verbally presented words, the recency portion of the recall curve is usually attributed to information that is stored in

A

short term memory

44
Q

Top-down processing describes how

A

perception is influenced by information that has been activated in memory.

45
Q

According to the __________, information that is stored during encoding will determine which retrieval cues will be successful.

A

encoding specificity principle

46
Q

___________ posits that performance on a memory test will benefit to the extent to which encoding and retrieval processes match.

A

Transfer-appropriate processing (TAP)

47
Q

Amir uses the word indefatigable during a conversation because he heard it earlier in the day (even though he did not consciously remember hearing the word earlier). This may be an example of

A

implicit memory.

48
Q

A to-be-identified target stimulus is presented on a computer screen for 50 ms. Immediately after, a visual pattern appears in the same location for 500 ms. In this case, the latter presented stimulus serves as a _________ mask that makes it more difficult for one to identify the target than if nothing followed the target item.

A

backward

49
Q

According to lecture, PET studies have shown that when performing a task, the brains of individuals with high IQs tend to

A

metabolize less glucose overall, but they metabolize more glucose in specific regions thought to be needed for the task than individuals with low IQs.

50
Q

June participates in a free recall experiment. There are 4 trials in the experiment. Each trial consists of studying a list of 15 words followed by a recall period. June finds that the number of words that she can recall diminishes as she proceeds through the trials. Specifically, she finds that as she is trying to recall items from a current trial, the items processed in earlier trials are causing her difficulty. In this case, June’s recall of the list items on the latter trials is being negatively affected by _______ from the earlier trials.

A

proactive interference

51
Q

Reading rate refers to how many words are read per second. Research has shown that, on average,

A

as reading rate increases, short term working memory span increases.

52
Q

Experiencing anger is related to an increase in _________ activity.

A

left hemisphere

53
Q

________ refers to the extent to which a test measures the entity that it is supposed to measure.

A

Construct validity

54
Q

If scores on a personality measure for conscientiousness are positively correlated with job performance measures, then the measure for conscientiousness has

A

predictive validity.

55
Q

For argument sake, let’s say that IQ tests do not measure intelligence. However, suppose that they can be used to predict future financial success. In terms of validity, what could we conclude about IQ tests (assume that high refers to the test having that characteristic)?

A

IQ tests are low in terms of construct validity and high in terms of predictive validity

56
Q

Factor analysis tells us

A

the degree to which items correlate with one another.

57
Q

A construct is

A

something that we think exists but cannot be directly observed.

58
Q

According to Sternberg, ________ reflects information processing intelligence.

A

performance on a standard IQ test

59
Q

In a ________ subjects design, each subject participates in all conditions of the experiment.

A

within

60
Q

Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?

A

As the number of syllables in a word increases, recall decreases.

61
Q

Sternberg performed research on analogy problems. On each trial, a subject would be exposed to a relationship on the first screen (e.g., doctor: patient), and an analogy problem on the second screen lawyer a) lawsuit b) client) for which the subject would attempt to solve the analogy. Each subject determined how long to view the first screen and (s)he solved the problems on the second screen as quickly and accurately as possible. The results were that

A

high IQ individuals spent more time on the first screen and less time on the second screen than low IQ individuals.

62
Q

Based on the research of Davidson and Fox (1989) and Fox (1991), something ______ placed on the tongue of a 10-month old child will result in an increase in left hemisphere activity as measured by EEG.

A

sweet

63
Q

Which of the following is the biggest threat to internal validity?

A

a confounding variable

64
Q

If a participant in an experiment is randomly assigned to one level of the IV, then that IV is considered a ________ variable.

A

between-subjects

65
Q

The _______ of the correlation coefficient represents the strength of a relationship between two variables.

A

absolute value

66
Q

A group of rats learns to traverse through both easy and difficult mazes under the influence of alcohol on one day, and on another day, the same group does it sober. On each trial, the experimenter measures how long it takes each rat to reach the end of the maze. In this case, sobriety (sober vs. intoxicated) is a ______ subjects variable, and maze difficulty (easy vs. difficult) is a ______ subjects variable.

A

within-, within

67
Q

A group of rats learns to traverse through both easy and difficult mazes under the influence of alcohol on one day, and on another day, the same group does it sober. On each trial, the experimenter measures how long it takes each rat to reach the end of the maze. In this case, time to complete the maze is a(n) ______ variable.

A

dependent

68
Q

In classical conditioning, nature provides the _____ connection, and conditioning provides the _____ connection. Note: in answers below, US = unconditioned stimulus, UR = unconditioned response, CS = conditioned stimulus, CR = conditioned response

A

US-UR; CS-US

69
Q

While studying a list of words, participants either focus their attention on the meaning or phonology of each word. Later, they are tested for their memory of these words via a rhyme recognition test. Specifically, they are presented with a list of words, half of which rhyme with the studied words, and half are not related to the study words. Participants are instructed to circle the words that rhyme with the studied words. Which of the following theories would predict better test performance for words for which participants focused on meaning at study?

A

Levels-of-processing theory (LOP)

70
Q

If a participant in an experiment is exposed to all levels (i.e., conditions) of the IV, then that IV is considered a ________ variable

A

within-subjects

71
Q

To study memory, Ebbinghaus tested ______ on memory for lists of CVC’s (e.g., gud).

A

himself

72
Q

In the long-term memory model proposed by McClelland, McNaughton, and O’Reilly (1995), the rapid learning mechanism is associated with which of the following brain structures?

A

the hippocampus

73
Q

In the long-term memory model proposed by McClelland, McNaughton, and O’Reilly (1995), the gradual learning mechanism is associated with which of the following brain structures?

A

the lateral temporal cortex

74
Q

Long-term potentiation refers to the

A

strengthening of connections between two neurons when the two neurons are coactive.

75
Q

An event related potential (ERP) is produced from

A

independent EEG waves that are averaged across trials.

76
Q

Based on the research of Warrington and Weiskrantz (1970), anterograde amnesics tend to perform _____ normal control subjects on explicit memory tasks.

A

significantly worse than

77
Q

Reading rate refers to how many words are read per second. Research has shown that, on average, the more words that can be read in a second,

A

the larger one’s memory span tends to be.

78
Q

Retrieval rate refers to how fast one can retrieve information from short term memory to report. Retrieval rate has been measured as the average reaction time between successive numbers recalled in a serial recall task. Research has shown that, on average, the faster items can be retrieved,

A

the larger one’s memory span tends to be.

79
Q

An experiment has internal validity to the degree that

A

changes in the dependent variable are attributable to changes in the independent variable.

80
Q

According to the Premack principle

A

one can use a high frequency behavior as a reward for performing a lower frequency behavior.

81
Q

Using the _____________ task, Miller (1956) estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of information.

A

serial recall

82
Q

Deterioration of the (lateral) anterior temporal lobes occurs in

A

semantic dementia

83
Q

In Conrad’s (1964) examination of short-term memory, individual letters were presented visually and recalled verbally. He found that

A

recall was lowest for lists containing phonologically similar letters (e.g., D, B, C)

Intro Psych 2 (3 decks)

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