Exam 3

Question 1

Which of the following tasks involves someone receiving separate messages to each ear and paying attention to one of those messages?

Answer 1

Dichotic Listening

Question 2

When pairs of words are presented dichotomously via headphones (i.e., one word to the right ear, and the other word to the left ear), followed by free recall, one observes

Answer 2

a right ear advantage

Question 3

Regarding early and late models of attentional selection, suppose that one selects “early” for a target message and against a distracter message. What characteristics of the unattended (i.e., distracter) message would that person be expected to report?

Answer 3

basic physical properties

Question 3

In a dichotomous listening task, which of the following words would most likely be reported as being heard in the unattended ear?

Answer 3

hearing one’s name presented to that ear once

Question 4

Regarding attentional selection, and as determined via the dual task procedure, the ________ one selects information for processing in short term working memory, the more cognitive resources are needed.

Answer 4

later

Question 5

Using the serial recall task, Miller (1956) estimated the capacity of ________ memory to be 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of information.

Answer 5

short term memory

Question 6

Negative priming occurs when

Answer 6

an ignored stimulus on Trial 1 takes longer to respond to on Trial 2 than if it was not previously ignored

Question 7

The _________is a brain structure that has been hypothesized to help resolve response competition.

Answer 7

anterior cingulate

Question 8

Which of the following is true?

Answer 8

an automatic process tends to occur without intention

Question 9

In the typical serial position curve for verbally presented words, the ________ portion of the recall curve is usually attributed to information that is stored in long term memory.

Answer 9

primacy

Question 10

A visual display consisting of 3 rows of 4 items is displayed for 50 ms. Suppose that the items consist of a random mix of letters and numbers. A partial report cue is presented immediately after the display. Which of the following cues would produce the biggest advantage over a whole report condition?

Answer 10

a tone that indicates which row to report

Question 11

The ______ procedure is used to determine which condition requires the most attention.

Answer 11

dual-task

Question 12

“Everyone knows what _______ is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. . . It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.” James (1890, pp. 381-382).

Answer 12

attention

Question 13

Short-term memory performance is related to one’s

Answer 13

reading rate and retrieval rate

Question 14

According to lecture, which of the following pairs of variables are uncorrelated?

Answer 14

reading rate and retrieval rate

Question 15

Transfer appropriate processing posits that performance on a memory test will benefit to the extent that

Answer 15

encoding and retrieval operations match

Question 16

According to the dual-coding hypothesis proposed by Paivio, which of the following words would enjoy the biggest advantage in a memory study?

Answer 16

cloud

Question 17

Suppose that one conducts a free recall experiment with two conditions. In each condition, the experimenter presents subjects with a spoken list of 15 words. In the control condition, subjects free recall the words immediately after the last word is spoken. In the experimental condition, subjects count backwards by 3s for 10 seconds prior to recalling the words. Compared to the control condition, the probability of recall will drop most for which part of the list in the experimental condition?

Answer 17

the later part

Question 18

During surgery, H.M.’s hippocampus was removed to alleviate symptoms associated with epilepsy. The epileptic symptoms were largely alleviated, but it left him with the inability to

Answer 18

form new explicit memories

Question 19

A person with semantic dementia performs most poorly on which of the following tasks relative to healthy people?

Answer 19

a category fluency task

Question 20

If an experimenter verbally presents a list of words to recall, which of the following recall cues would produce the least interference for items presented at the end of the list?

Answer 20

pointing a finger to indicate when the recall period begins

Question 21

A person with semantic dementia has atrophy to which of the following brain regions?

Answer 21

anterior temporal lobe

Question 22

In Conrad’s (1964) examination of short-term memory, individual letters were presented visually and recalled verbally. He found that ______ errors were most common.

Answer 22

phonological

Question 23

On each trial of the Brown-Peterson task, a subject is presented with three letters (e.g., GSB) and a three-digit number (e.g., 213). The subject counts backwards by threes for 3 sec., 9 sec., or 18 sec. and then attempts to recall the three letters. Keppel and Underwood (1962) re-analyzed a lot of the data from early studies using this paradigm. They concluded that _______ produced most of the information loss from STM.

Answer 23

interference

Question 24

With a category fluency task, Rosen and Engle (1997) tested individuals with high and low memory spans. In one condition, the category fluency task was performed alone, and in another condition, the task was paired with a secondary digit monitoring task. Which of the following best describes the pattern of results obtained by Engle and Rosen?

Answer 24

those with higher spans generated more items in the fluency task and were most affected by the secondary task

Question 25

In a recall paradigm, the ______ effect is stronger for items presented in spoken form than items presented visually.

Answer 25

recency

Question 26

A to-be-identified target stimulus appears for 30 ms and then a visual stimulus appears in the same location for 500 ms, In this case, the latter presented visual stimulus serves as a _________ mask that makes it more difficult for one to identify the target than if nothing preceded the target item.

Answer 26

backward

Question 27

According to the lecture, information can be lost from iconic memory via ______, which is a form of interference

Answer 27

masking

Question 28

Suppose that a subject receives a list of words. Then (s)he receives a second list. After this second list, the experimenter asks the subject to ignore that second list and recall as many items from the first list. When recalling the first list, the subject is likely to experience _________ from his/her memory for the second list of words.

Answer 28

retroactive interference

Question 29

Participants are presented with 4 trials of word triads (e.g., peach, apple, blueberry) and then are told to count backwards by 3s from a particular number (e.g., 422) for 20 seconds before recalling the items. If the words to be recalled on trial 4 are peach, apple, and blueberry, then recall for these words will probably be better in which of the following conditions?

Answer 29

if the items in trials 1-3 were all from the profession category

Question 30

Performance on which of the following working memory tasks is most strongly correlated with performance on the verbal section of the SAT?

Answer 30

the Daneman and Carpenter’s (1980) working memory task

Question 31

Which of the following is not a component of Baddely’s working memory model?

Answer 31

semantic network

Question 32

In the long-term memory model proposed by McClelland, McNaughton, and O’Reilly (1995), ________ of arbitrary associations is supported by the hippocampus, whereas more _______ is occurs in the neocortex.

Answer 32

rapid learning, gradual learning

Question 33

Suppose that one conducts a free recall experiment with two conditions. In each condition, the experimenter presents subjects with a spoken list of 15 words, and subjects free recall the words immediately after the last item is spoken. In the control condition, words are spoken at a slow rate of 2 sec. per item, and in the experimental condition, the rate is much faster (500 ms per item). Compared to the control condition, the probability of recall will drop most for which part of the list in the experimental condition?

Answer 33

the early part (primacy portion)

Question 34

When shown a picture of a human face, an infant may gaze at that picture for a while, but over time, (s)he will tend to ____________ and decrease the amount of time spent gazing at the picture.

Answer 34

habituate

Question 35

Based on the information provided in lecture, which of the following groups would you predict shows the worst memory for very recent events?

Answer 35

individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 36

_________ describes how perception is influenced by one’s knowledge or by information that has been activated in memory.

Answer 36

top-down processing

Question 37

In a recognition memory experiment where pictures and words were studied and tested, Park and Rugg (2008) observed a strong congruency effect. Specifically, at test, words were better recognized when they were studied as words than when they were studied as pictures, and pictures were better recognized when they studied as pictures than when they were studied as words. For pictures, more activity at recall was recorded between congruent and incongruent conditions in

Answer 37

a subarea associated with picture processing

Question 38

Suppose that a 60-year old patient experienced severe irreversible hippocampal damage in 2000. She would likely show the best memory for events that happened in

Answer 38

1980

Question 39

In the long-term memory model proposed by McClelland, McNaughton, and O’Reilly (1995), the rapid learning mechanism is associated with which of the following brain structures?

Answer 39

the hippocampus

Question 40

According to lecture, which of the following leads to the best long-term retention of course material?

Answer 40

a cumulative final exam

Question 41

In the standard Stroop task, the incongruent condition refers to the situation where

Answer 41

the color and the color name mismatch (the word blue appears in red font)

Question 42

George Miller proposed that the capacity of short-term memory is limited to about 7 items. More recently, cognitive psychologists have generally agreed that the amount is ______ 7 items for most people.

Answer 42

less than

Question 43

Regarding the use of cell phones and driving, one can conclude that

Answer 43

poor performance in cell phone users is mostly due to an attentional impairment

Question 44

Attentional neglect is far more common for ______

Answer 44

the left side of one’s physical space than the right side of one’s physical space

Question 45

Suppose that subjects participate in a task where two colored objects appear on every trial. One of the objects appears in green and the other object appears in red. The task is to name the green object as quickly as possible and ignore then red object. If a green dog appears on Trial 2, then it will be responded to more slowly in which of the following situations?

Answer 45

a red cat appeared on Trial 1

Question 46

Sleeping, particularly REM sleep ____the consolidation of memories.

Answer 46

aids with

Question 47

Phenomena such as inattentional blindness, change blindness, and attentional blink demonstrate that attention

Answer 47

is a limited capacity resource

Question 48

Why can the following figure be used to differentiate between spaced-based neglect and object-based neglect (assume a central fixation in the center of each image - i.e., where the asterisk is)?

Answer 48

a patient can be asked if these objects are the same or not. If they have object based neglect, then they will likely say the objects are the same, but if (s)he has space-based neglect, then she will likely say that they are the different.

Question 49

Suppose that experimenters design a dual task in which participants read aloud words and nonwords as quickly and accurately as possible as their primary task and then respond to a tone as their secondary task. In another condition, the participants just name the words and nonwords as quickly and accurately as possible without the secondary task. Presumably, the researchers are trying to determine

Answer 49

if nonwords or words require more attentional resources.

Question 50

Participants are given a list of 20 words, and they free recall these words immediately after the last word has been presented. Participants are instructed to rehearse aloud during the encoding of the list items. In such a situation, one finds that the number of rehearsals is directly and positively related with the proportion of recall

Answer 50

for the first half

Question 51

Considering the brain and Baddeley’s short-term working memory model, the lateral prefrontal cortex is associated with

Answer 51

central executive processes.

Question 52

Long-term potentiation refers to the

Answer 52

neural phenomenon whereby connections between two neurons become strengthened when the two neurons are coactive.

Question 53

While studying a list of words, participants either focus their attention on the meaning or phonology of each word. Later, they are tested for their memory of these words via a rhyme recognition test. Specifically, they are presented with a list of words, half of which rhyme with the studied words, and half are not related to the study words. Participants are instructed to say “old” for the rhyming words and “new” for the unrelated words. Which of the following theories would predict better recognition memory accuracy for words for which participants focused on meaning at study?

Answer 53

Levels-of-processing theory (LOP)

Question 54

Those with anterograde amnesia, as a result of hippocampal damage usually

Answer 54

display some retrograde amnesia.

Question 55

Using fMRI to examine recognition memory, Wagner and colleagues (1998) showed that, during encoding, brain activity in certain regions

Answer 55

was stronger for words later recognized than for words not later recognized.

Question 56

In McClelland, McNaughton, and O’Reilly’s (1995) model of long-term memory, the gradual learning of a concept occurs as the concept is repeatedly processed. Eventually, a representation for the concept, independent of that stored via the hippocampus, will be stored in the

Answer 56

anterior temporal cortex

Question 57

Many individuals with ________ also have surface dyslexia.

Answer 57

semantic dementia

Question 58

Participants in an experiment read an article on personality disorders. It takes about 7 minutes to read the article. Next, the participants solve math problems for about 2 minutes. After that, half of the participants re-read the article, and the other half take a recall test about the article. After two days elapses, both groups take a recall test on the article. Which group should perform the best?

Answer 58

the group that took the recall test

Question 59

If one is to study seven hours a week in order to learn a new language, which of the following study schedules would likely lead to the best results?

Answer 59

study seven different days a week for 1 hour

Question 60

In the DRM paradigm, which of the following list types produces the highest proportion of true recall?

Answer 60

Semantic (e.g., bed, rest, tired, etc. for the critical lure sleep)

Question 61

In the DRM paradigm, which of the following list types produces the highest proportion of false recall?

Answer 61

Hybrid lists (e.g., bed, deep, rest, slope etc. for the critical lure sleep)

Question 62

Which of the following would be the best way to reduce false memories in the DRM paradigm?

Answer 62

Which of the following would be the best way to reduce false memories in the DRM paradigm?