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Physiology > Intro to Physiology and Anatomy > Flashcards

Intro to Physiology and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the biological structure of an organism

A

Anatomy.
Anatomically, bones are hard and sturdy. Physiologically bones can protect vital organs.

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2
Q

The study of the biological functions an organism performs

A

Physiology.
Anatomically, bones are hard and sturdy. Physiologically bones can protect vital organs.

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3
Q

What are the levels of structural organization of the human body?

A

Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
System Level
Organismal Level

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4
Q

What are the common properties that all organisms share?

A

Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

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5
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is a dynamic state that all levels of organization strive to achieve to keep stable, optimal internal environment

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6
Q

What are the 12 distinct organ systems in the body?

A
  1. Integumentary - protecting and covering
  2. Skeletal - support
  3. Muscular - movement and heat production
  4. Nervous - sensing and responding
  5. Cardiovascular - transporting fluids and oxygen
  6. Respiratory - gas exchange
  7. Urinary - fluid balance
  8. Endocrine - regulating sequential growth and development
  9. Digestive - obtaining nutrients
  10. Lymphatic – fluid transport system, also part of the immune system
  11. Immune – defense against foreign substances/microbes
  12. Reproductive - continuation of species
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7
Q

How is homeostasis regulated?

A

feedback loops

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8
Q

What two systems maintain homeostasis?

A

Nervous and endocrine systems.
* Nervous system sends messages to organs that can counteract a change
* Endocrine system produces hormones

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9
Q

What are the 3 main components of a feedback system?

A
  1. Receptor: Structure that detects
    changes in its environment
  2. Control Center: Structure that defines the normal range that the body can optimally function in
  3. Effector: Structure that produces the effect that allows your body to stay within the predefined limits
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10
Q

What are the functions of the two types of feedback loops?

A

A negative feedback loop reverses the effects of stimuli. A positive feedback loop enhances the effect of stimuli.

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11
Q

Diagram of homeostasis of BP by a negative feedback loop

A
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12
Q

Diagram of positive feedback control of labor contractions during the birth of a baby

A
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13
Q

What is the prone position?

A

Body is lying face down on stomach

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14
Q

What is the supine position?

A

Body is lying face up on back

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15
Q

Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body.

A

Anterior (or ventral)
Ex. The toes are anterior to the foot.

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16
Q

Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.

A

Posterior (or dorsal). The popliteus is posterior to the patella.

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17
Q

Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper.

A

Superior (or cranial). The orbits are superior to the oris.

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18
Q

Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column).

A

Inferior (or caudal). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.

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19
Q

Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body.

A

Lateral. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits.

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20
Q

Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body.

A

Medial. The hallux is the medial toe.

21
Q

Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

A

Proximal. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.

22
Q

Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

A

Distal. The crus is distal to the femur.

23
Q

Describes a position closer to the surface of the body.

A

Superficial. The skin is superficial to the bones.

24
Q

Describes a position farther from the surface of the body.

A

Deep. The brain is deep to the skull.

25
Q

What is the correct anatomical position?

A

The individual is facing-forward with feet parallel to the ground and the palm of the hands facing forward.
(mountain pose)

26
Q

The plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides.

A

The sagittal plane.

27
Q

Is the vertical sagittal plane runs directly down the middle of the body, is it called

A

The midsagittal or median plane.

28
Q

Is the vertical sagittal plane divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called

A

A parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal section.

29
Q

Which plane divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion?

A

Frontal plane. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. (“Corona” is Latin for “crown.”)

30
Q

Which plane divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions?

A

The transverse plane which produces images referred to as cross sections.

31
Q

What are the two largest compartments in the body?

A

dorsal (posterior) cavity and the ventral (anterior) cavity

32
Q

Which cavities are included in the dorsal cavity?

A

Cranial and spinal cavities.

33
Q

Which cavities are included in the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions.

34
Q

What is the largest largest cavity in the body?

A

abdominopelvic

35
Q

cranial cavity houses

A

cranial bones and the brain

36
Q

spinal cavity (or vertebral cavity) is formed by

A

the vertebral column and contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves.

Just as the brain and spinal cord make up a continuous, uninterrupted structure, the cranial and spinal cavities that house them are also continuous. The brain and spinal cord are protected by the bones of the skull and vertebral column and by cerebrospinal fluid, a colorless fluid produced by the brain, which cushions the brain and spinal cord within the posterior (dorsal) cavity.

37
Q

The thoracic cavity, the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, is enclosed by

A

the rib cage.

38
Q

The abdomen cavity houses

A

Digestive organs including stomach, spleen, liver, galbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine. No membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity.

39
Q

The pelvic cavity houses

A

Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and portions of the large intestines. No membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity.

40
Q

What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

A

right hypochondriac
epigastric
left hypochondriac
right lumbar
umbilical
left lumbar
right iliac
hypogastric
left iliac

41
Q

What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

A

right-upper quadrant (RUQ)
left-upper quadrant (LUQ)
right-lower quadrant (RLQ)
left-lower quadrant

42
Q

What does the pleural cavity house?

A

lungs. Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura.

43
Q

Which membrane covers the pleural cavity?

A

pleura serous membrane

44
Q

The peritoneum is the serous membrane that encloses the

A

peritoneal cavity; the peritoneal cavity surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity. The

45
Q

The pericardium is the serous membrane that encloses the

A

pericardial cavity; the pericardial cavity surrounds the heart.

46
Q

The pericardium is the serous membrane that encloses the

A

pericardial cavity; the pericardial cavity surrounds the heart.

47
Q

The membrane of organs and cavities of the anterior (ventral) body cavity

A

Serous membrane (also referred to a serosa).
Serous membranes provide additional protection to the viscera they enclose by reducing friction that could lead to inflammation of the organs.

48
Q

The thoracic (chest) cavity contains

A

the pleural and pericardial cavities, located in the mediastinum.
The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity.

49
Q

In the thoracic cavity, what is the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs?

A

Mediastinum. Extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to the diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

Physiology (6 decks)

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