Intro to Physiology Flashcards
What is Physiology
Study of how the body functions and how cell,tissue, and organs sustain life
What is Homeostasis
ability to maintain stable conditions internally despite change in external environment
Types of conditions that need to be maintained for homeostasis
Ph, Temp, Blood gas, BP, ICF + ECF,
What happens if we don’t maintain homeostasis
Diseases
What is the role of the NS and Endocrine System in the body?
Maintain Homeostasis and allows us to depart from Homeostasis in a controlled manner ( pregnancy)
How do we regulate homeostasis
change in internal environment is detected causing the NS/Endo System to respond by altering systems related to the conditions
Types of Nervous/Endocrine Responses
- Anticipatory Response
- Feedback Mechanism
( Negative and Positive feedback)
What is Anticipatory Responses
prepares the body for an expected change internally
(response before change in external environment)
Anticipatory response situation:
increased Respiratory rate at start of excersize
NS sensory receptors signal movement before change internally
Is Anticipatory Response Learned or behavioural
it is both learned and behavioural
What is Feedback Mechanism
responds to changes in system and uses receptors, control areas and effectors
What is Receptors, Control center, setpoints and Effectors
Receptor: monitor conditions
Control Centers: Organize info and maintain set points by signalling to effectors.
Setpoint: range of values that don’t bring a response
Effectors: creates the response
What is negative feedback
effector is the opposite of the stimulus
( move towards set point = balanced)
What homeostasis Control Mechanism is most common
Negative feedback
Example of Negative feedback ( High body Temp)
S: high body temp
R: detected by thermostat cells in hypothalamus
Control Centre
E: Vasodilation or Sweat glands secrete sweat ( expand blood vessel bring warm blood to surface causing sweat)
Result: decrease in Body temp
What is Positive feedback
output increases intensity causing variable to move further from set point
( regular)
What is an example of positive feedback
Childbirth
1. Contraction -> NS -> pituitary gland-> releasing oxytocin -> contraction
will continue to intensify until baby is born
What are the parts inside the cell membrane
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Membrane proteins
- Membrane Carbohydrate
What are phospholipid bilayer
continous layer around cell and acts as a barrier to water soluble substance
Can Lipid Soluble molecules and small molecules like O2 and CO2 enter bilayer
Yes, they can enter
What are the types of Membrane Proteins
- Transport - Channel and Carrier Proteins
- Receptor proteins
- Enzymes
- Joining Proteins
- Identifying Proteins
Channel Proteins are
- forms pores in membrane allowing selected ions to past through
- can be gated(only open when signaled) and non gated ( always open)
Carrier Proteins are
- bind to ion and helps cross the membrane
- Active Transport
ex: Glucose transporters
What is Receptor Proteins
- binds to specific extracellular molecules (-ligands) such as hormones or nt
Example of receptor proteins:
glucose uptake by skeletal muscle
- insulin binds to receptor or skeletal muscle or adipose tissue
2.triggering movement of more glucose transporters
- causing an increase in glucose movement from blood into cell
What is Enzymes
control chemical reactions on outer and inner layer such as the NA/K pump
What are joining proteins
anchor the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton or to the adjacent cell
What are the types of joining proteins
- desmosomes, tight, and gap juntions for between cells
2.Extracellular protein such as glycoproteins
Example of an Identifying proteins
Major Histocompability Complex located on the surface of all cells except red blood cells and allows cells to identify as part of the body
what are membrane Carbohydrates
they are glycoprotein/lipids that allows cells recognition (sperm see egg)
What are the types of membrane transport
- Passive = No energy Req.
(simple, channel, carrier, osmosis and bulk flow) - Active process = Need energy (ATP)
(active transport and vesicular transport)
what is a solute
substanced dissolved in water
What is a solvent
substance that the solute is dissolved in ( water, alcohol)
what is simple diffusion and what molecule is involved
solute diffuses through membrane and consist of small and lipid soluble molecules ( O2 or CO2)
what is Channel Facillated Diffusion
ions diffuse via protein channels (opening) and moves freely
What is Carrier Mediated diffusion ( key and knob)
large, charge or water soluable molecules diffuse by using a carrier protein
*must bind to protein to be transported)
glucose movement into liver or skeletal muscle
What is Osmosis ( solvent)
movement of water across a semipermable membrane due to H2O difference via channels or across bilayer
Rules for Osmosis
High H2O = low solute ( dilute)
Low H2O = high solute (more concentrated)
What is osmotic pressure
pressure required to prevent movement of water across semipermable membrane due to osmosis ( balanced)
Rules for Osmotic Pressure
- the greater the solute concentration, the higher the pressure
- water goes from low pressure to high pressure
- High pressure = high solute/low H20
- low pressure = low solute / high H2)
What is tonicity and what does it depend on
response of cell immersed in solution and depends of solute concentration and permeability of cell membrane
Types of Tonicity
- Hypotonic -low pressure/high H20 causing cell to swell and may cause lysis (burst
- Hypertonic - high pressure/low H2O causing cell to shrink
- Isotonic - ECF and ICF are equal
Uses of Tonicity: reducing brain edema ( swelling)
injecting 10% sucrose will move water to blood stream ( more solute than water) causing Hypertonicity
What is the role of osmosis in regulation of solute concentrations
Concentration of solute must be maintained withing limit so cell does not die
What are the major body fluids
ECF - blood place and ISF
ICF
What is Bulk Flow
movement of fluid due to pressure gradient
what is hydrostatic pressure
pressure of a fluid against surface
what are Active Transport
substance move against concentration gradient ( low -> high) and ALWAYS Protein carrier mediated
Types of Active Transport
- Primary - molecular pump where ATP breakdown is part of the transport process ( NA/K pump) ( 3NA out and 2 K in)
- Secondary - Na flows down bringing another substance with it using the the extra energy created by primary
(water slide: water ( NA) flows down naturally, you ( glucose) can go down the slide by hitching a ride with the water flowing down)
What is a vesicular transport
substance surrounded by membrane within the cell
Types of Vesicular Transport
- Endocytosis - movement INTO cell
(phagocytosis and pinocytosis) - Exocytosis - Movement OUT of cell
(contains hormones, enzymes an nt and fuses into membrane release contents into ECF)
what is the difference between Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis eats large item into cells while Pinocytosis drink fluid or dissoved substances
