Efferent (motor) system Flashcards
What is the roles of the Motor Nervous System
contols most of the organs and physiological processes to keep us alive
What are the 2 divisions of the Efferent NS
- Autonomic Nervous system
- Somatic Nervous Systems
What is the difference between the Autonomic and Somatic NS
Autonomic transmits signal to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Somatic transmits signal to the skeletal muscle
what neurons are involved in the Autonomic NS (ANS)
- Preganglionic and postganglionic
How do we identify if it is a ANS neuron involved
by the type of neurotransmitters
ANS releases cholinergic (Acetylcholine) and Adrenergic (Noreepinephrine)
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS
- Sympathetic NS
- Parasympathetic NS
What are the functions of SNS and the neurons involved as well as their nt
Function: prepares body for activity ( fight or flight)
Preganglionic: cholinergic ( acetyl)
Postganglionic: Adrenergic (Norephi)
EXCEPT when it is a sweat gland (Acetly)
SNS pathways
CNS -> preganglionic -> ganglion ( ACh) ->postganglionic -> NE or ACh (sweat glands only)
How do we stop chemical stimulates of a postsynaptic cell
nt must be broken down
How do we break down ACh`
broken down by enzymes (acetylcholinesterase) and occurs on postsynaptic membrane
How is NE broken down
Actively transported out the the synaptic cleft into the end bulb of the neuron that released it and broken down by Monoamine oxidase ( MAO)
What is the function of the Parasympathetic NS
Rest + digest
Pathway for PNS
CNS -> Preganglionic -> ACh -> Postganglionic -> ACh
How does SNS and PNS work together
we recieved input from both SNS and PNS and their effects are usually the opposite of each other = Evens out
(SNS increase Heart rate an PSN decreases heart rate)
What is the function of ANS
regulates internal processes continuously and automatically
What is the pathways of the Somatic Nervous System
CNS -> upper motor neuron -> CNS (spinal cord) -> Lower Motor Neuron -> E = skeletal muscle
What types of movements are involved in SNS
- Reflexes
- Voluntary
- Rythamic
What type of reflexed are involved in Somatic NS
- Spinal Reflex: least complex and req sensory input from receptors (proprioceptors)
- Postural: for balanced and posture and req. sensory input from proprioceptors, eyes and inner ear
What is voluntary in Somatic NS
most complex and no external stimuli needed ( act of will)
What is Rhythmic in somatic ns
combo of reflex and voluntary movements ( walking and running)
levels of motor control
- PLANNING ( seq of muslce contractions, signal primary motor cortex, work with cerebellum)
- Signals to lower motor neurons for fine skilled movements
- receives input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum an involved in co-ordination of large muscle group ( posture + locomotion)
- Spinal cord: network of neurons that set rhythmic repeated movements and need cortical signal to begin or stop
( involes the cerebellum, basal nuclei and corticospinal pathway)
What is the role of the cerebellum in the spinal cord
plan and inniate movement and correct if needed which controls our balanced, eye movement and muscle tone ( more than 1 joint)
what is the role of the Basal Nuclei in the spinal cord
aid in planning movement and stops unncessary motions and involved in muscle tone
What is the role of the Corticospinal Pathway
signals from cortex to skeletal muscle
What are the parts involved in Corticospinal Pathway and their movement
- Upper: cell bodies in primary motor cortex axons into spinal cord
- Lower: Cell body in ventral horn of spinal cord axon and exits via spinal nerves
What happens when Upper Motor Neurons are destroyed
- can still send signal to lower but it can lead to
- Spastic Paralysis: increases muscle tone ( no muscle atrophy) ( healthy)
- Exaggerated Reflexes: reflex are stronger than normal due to no stop signal -> babinski sign ( extended big toe when toes curled under)
What happens when Lower Motor Neurons are destroyed
- loss of reflex arch: no signal from sensory neurons
- Flaccid Paralysis: decreased in muscle tone, muscle atrophy seen ( loss of muscle) -> Polio
which areas of the brain is involved in language
Left cortex
important regions of the brain involved in language
- Cerebral Cortex: Concepts and ideas
- Language Implementation system ( analyzes incoming and producing word, sound and grammar)
- Areas of visual and auditory cortex: process incoming language that is seen ( reading, facial expression and sounds)
What areas are part of the Language Implementation System and their purposes
- Wernicke area: language comprehension
- Broca Area: motor control of speech and grammatical structure
- Basal Nuclei: regulate speech production by working with broca area
pathway of language
language areas -> premotor cortex( plan muscle contraction) -> primary motor cortex ( intiate planned contraction) -> speech
which area is damaged if we have poor comprehension( words are no use or mixed up) but can speak
wernicke’s
What are is damage if we can understand word but it’s hard to speak or write ( loss of motor control of speech)
Broca’s
