Intro to Pharmacological Princples Flashcards
What are the 2 definitions of a drug?
Functional and Legal
What is the functional definition of a drug
a chemical substance that produces a biological response
What is the legal definition of a drug
articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease in man or other animals
Pharmacology is the…
study of drugs and their interactions with living systems (info used in clinical decision-making)
Pharmacotherapy is the…
use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease (what happens in clinical practice)
Biochemical drug effects take place at the ____ level
biochemical level
Physiologic drug effects include ____ effects and _____ effects
therapeutic and adverse
The 4 principles of pharmacotherapy are
indication, effectiveness, safety, convenience
What are the classifications of a drug (schedules)
Schedule I through V, Legend, and OTC
Generic drugs provide an effect within approximately ___% of the branded product
10
There are some instances where the _____ of the manufacturer matters
consistency
Biologic drugs include
blood, blood components, somatic cells, gene therapy, tissues, proteins, vaccines
Biologic drugs have generics - true or false
false, they have biosimilars which are highly similar to the reference product but may not be interchangeable
Define pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug
Name the 4 pharmacokinetic processes
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Each step of the pharmacokinetic process requires a drug to cross a ____
membrane
The central compartment of the body contains these 5 organs
- blood
- heart
- liver
- lungs
- kidneys
(organs important for metabolizing and moving blood)
The peripheral compartment contains these components
- adipose tissue
- muscle
- cerebrospinal fluid
Define bioavailability (F)
the fraction of a dose that reaches systemic circulation
What are the 4 factors affecting absorption & distribution of a drug
- size
- lipid solubility
- ionization/pH
- protein binding
Acidic drugs are better absorbed in ____ fluid, basic drugs are better absorbed in _____ fluid
Acidic drugs are better absorbed in acidic fluid, basic drugs are better absorbed in basic fluid
What are the physiologic factors affecting rate of absorption?
- surface area
- blood flow
- gastric motility
- transporters
- pH
What are the drug factors affecting rate of absorption?
- route of administration
- particle size
- rate of dissolution
- solubility
- pKa
- lipophilicity
Name the 7 routes of drug administration
- enteral
- parenteral
- inhaled
- topical
- PO
- IV
- IM/SQ
Dosage form considerations (IESC)
indication, efficacy, safety, convenience
Define volume of distribution (Vd)
how far and wide a drug spreads once taken
What are some of the factors affecting drug distribution
cardiac output
regional blood flow
tissue volume
pH partitioning
protein binding
Where does drug metabolism occur and what is its goal
it occurs in the liver
the goal is to make drugs more water-soluble for excretion via the kidneys
Metabolism Phase 1 Enzymes
cytochrome P450 system (CYP P450)
(making change to structure of drug - make it less effective or change to active form)
Metabolism Phase 2 enzymes
Transferases
(makes things more water soluble)
Methods of elimination
renal excretion, breast milk, bile, lungs, sweat, saliva
Why is renal function important for drug dosing
because drugs are filtered from the plasma in the glomerulus and function can impact dosing
can also cause renal injury
Estimates of glomerular flitration rate (GFR)
creatinine clearance (CrCl)
What is the first pass effect
absorption that can inactivate some oral meds or activate some pro-drugs
What is serum concentration
measuring the amount of drug in the blood to estimate the amount of drug at the site of action
Define therapeutic range
the range in which a drug is therapeutic, between toxicity and subtherapeutic ranges
First order kinetics
drug metabolized per unit of time is a percentage of serum concentration
rate of elimination per hour is dependent on drug concentration
(ex. drug decreasing by 50% each hour)
zero order kinetics
drug metabolized per unit of time is constant
rate of elimination is independent of drug concentration
(ex. drug decreasing by 20mg each hour)
Define steady state concentration
drug infusion and elimination are occurring at the same rate (as in continuous IV infusion)
What would a steady state concentration look like with bolus dosing?
bounding
List the 6 drug targets
What are the 4 receptor types that can be targeted by a drug?
What are the 4 types of actions that can occur at receptors
Define drug efficacy
Define drug potency
Which these drugs is the more efficacious one?
The orange drug - maximal response of the green drug is appx half that of the orange drug
Which drug is the more potent?
The orange drug is more potent - a double dose of the green drug was needed to be equally efficacious
Define the intermediate doses
- typical doses
- titrated up based on response/guidelines
- generally can increase dose to increase response
define maximum dose
- largest effect the drug can produce
- no addl. response with dosage increase
define initial dose
starting dose
Define the drug interaction: antagonism
One drug will decrease the effect of the other
Define the drug interaction: synergistic
Both drugs will boost the effect of the other
Define the drug interaction: potentiation
One drug boosts the effect of the other without it’s own effect being boosted
Define the drug interaction: additive
Both drugs work without increasing or decreasing their effects
Define chelation
one drug can encapsulate another and make it ineffective
