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Foundations > Intro to Pharmacological Princples > Flashcards

Intro to Pharmacological Princples Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 definitions of a drug?

A

Functional and Legal

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2
Q

What is the functional definition of a drug

A

a chemical substance that produces a biological response

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3
Q

What is the legal definition of a drug

A

articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease in man or other animals

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4
Q

Pharmacology is the…

A

study of drugs and their interactions with living systems (info used in clinical decision-making)

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5
Q

Pharmacotherapy is the…

A

use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease (what happens in clinical practice)

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6
Q

Biochemical drug effects take place at the ____ level

A

biochemical level

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7
Q

Physiologic drug effects include ____ effects and _____ effects

A

therapeutic and adverse

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8
Q

The 4 principles of pharmacotherapy are

A

indication, effectiveness, safety, convenience

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9
Q

What are the classifications of a drug (schedules)

A

Schedule I through V, Legend, and OTC

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10
Q

Generic drugs provide an effect within approximately ___% of the branded product

A

10

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11
Q

There are some instances where the _____ of the manufacturer matters

A

consistency

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12
Q

Biologic drugs include

A

blood, blood components, somatic cells, gene therapy, tissues, proteins, vaccines

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13
Q

Biologic drugs have generics - true or false

A

false, they have biosimilars which are highly similar to the reference product but may not be interchangeable

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14
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug

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15
Q

Name the 4 pharmacokinetic processes

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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16
Q

Each step of the pharmacokinetic process requires a drug to cross a ____

A

membrane

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17
Q

The central compartment of the body contains these 5 organs

A
  • blood
  • heart
  • liver
  • lungs
  • kidneys

(organs important for metabolizing and moving blood)

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18
Q

The peripheral compartment contains these components

A
  • adipose tissue
  • muscle
  • cerebrospinal fluid
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19
Q

Define bioavailability (F)

A

the fraction of a dose that reaches systemic circulation

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20
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting absorption & distribution of a drug

A
  • size
  • lipid solubility
  • ionization/pH
  • protein binding
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21
Q

Acidic drugs are better absorbed in ____ fluid, basic drugs are better absorbed in _____ fluid

A

Acidic drugs are better absorbed in acidic fluid, basic drugs are better absorbed in basic fluid

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22
Q

What are the physiologic factors affecting rate of absorption?

A
  • surface area
  • blood flow
  • gastric motility
  • transporters
  • pH
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23
Q

What are the drug factors affecting rate of absorption?

A
  • route of administration
  • particle size
  • rate of dissolution
  • solubility
  • pKa
  • lipophilicity
24
Q

Name the 7 routes of drug administration

A
  • enteral
  • parenteral
  • inhaled
  • topical
  • PO
  • IV
  • IM/SQ
25
Q

Dosage form considerations (IESC)

A

indication, efficacy, safety, convenience

26
Q

Define volume of distribution (Vd)

A

how far and wide a drug spreads once taken

27
Q

What are some of the factors affecting drug distribution

A

cardiac output
regional blood flow
tissue volume
pH partitioning
protein binding

28
Q

Where does drug metabolism occur and what is its goal

A

it occurs in the liver
the goal is to make drugs more water-soluble for excretion via the kidneys

29
Q

Metabolism Phase 1 Enzymes

A

cytochrome P450 system (CYP P450)

(making change to structure of drug - make it less effective or change to active form)

30
Q

Metabolism Phase 2 enzymes

A

Transferases

(makes things more water soluble)

31
Q

Methods of elimination

A

renal excretion, breast milk, bile, lungs, sweat, saliva

32
Q

Why is renal function important for drug dosing

A

because drugs are filtered from the plasma in the glomerulus and function can impact dosing

can also cause renal injury

33
Q

Estimates of glomerular flitration rate (GFR)

A

creatinine clearance (CrCl)

34
Q

What is the first pass effect

A

absorption that can inactivate some oral meds or activate some pro-drugs

35
Q

What is serum concentration

A

measuring the amount of drug in the blood to estimate the amount of drug at the site of action

36
Q

Define therapeutic range

A

the range in which a drug is therapeutic, between toxicity and subtherapeutic ranges

37
Q

First order kinetics

A

drug metabolized per unit of time is a percentage of serum concentration

rate of elimination per hour is dependent on drug concentration

(ex. drug decreasing by 50% each hour)

38
Q

zero order kinetics

A

drug metabolized per unit of time is constant

rate of elimination is independent of drug concentration

(ex. drug decreasing by 20mg each hour)

39
Q

Define steady state concentration

A

drug infusion and elimination are occurring at the same rate (as in continuous IV infusion)

40
Q

What would a steady state concentration look like with bolus dosing?

A

bounding

41
Q

List the 6 drug targets

A
42
Q

What are the 4 receptor types that can be targeted by a drug?

A
43
Q

What are the 4 types of actions that can occur at receptors

A
44
Q

Define drug efficacy

A
45
Q

Define drug potency

A
46
Q

Which these drugs is the more efficacious one?

A

The orange drug - maximal response of the green drug is appx half that of the orange drug

47
Q

Which drug is the more potent?

A

The orange drug is more potent - a double dose of the green drug was needed to be equally efficacious

48
Q

Define the intermediate doses

A
  • typical doses
  • titrated up based on response/guidelines
  • generally can increase dose to increase response
49
Q

define maximum dose

A
  • largest effect the drug can produce
  • no addl. response with dosage increase
50
Q

define initial dose

A

starting dose

51
Q

Define the drug interaction: antagonism

A

One drug will decrease the effect of the other

52
Q

Define the drug interaction: synergistic

A

Both drugs will boost the effect of the other

53
Q

Define the drug interaction: potentiation

A

One drug boosts the effect of the other without it’s own effect being boosted

54
Q

Define the drug interaction: additive

A

Both drugs work without increasing or decreasing their effects

55
Q

Define chelation

A

one drug can encapsulate another and make it ineffective

Foundations (9 decks)

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