Intro to Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Define gross anatomy
study of structures large enough to be seen
Define regional anatomy
all body structures in a given region (abdomen, leg, etc)
Define systemic anatomy
body study by system like cardiovascular
Define surface anatomy
internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin
define microscopic anatomy
study of structures too small to be seen by eye (cytology, histology)
Define developmental anatomy
study of change in structures over lifetime (embryology)
name levels of organization smallest to largest
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system
what is included in chemical level of organization
atoms, molecules, macromolecules
what is included in cellular level of organization
macromolecules combined to form cells
what is included in tissue level of organization
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue
Define organ level of organization
2 or more tissues joined together with a specific function and shape
define system level of organization
related organs with common function (11 systems)
Name 11 systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
define anatomical position
standing erect, facing forward, limbs at side, palms forward thumbs out
Which is the red plane
Frontal
Which is the blue plane
Transverse plane
What is the yellow plane
Median/midsagittal plane
Which cavity is in yellow
Dorsal body cavity
which cavity is in red
ventral body cavity
Name the ventral body cavities
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
name the dorsal body cavities
cranial cavity, vertebral cavity
name the two serous membranes
parietal and visceral membranes
name the body compartments
intracellular and extracellular
what are cell membranes made up of
lipids and proteins
name the 3 types of membrane transport
passive transport (diffusion, osmosis), active transport (primary and secondary), vesicular traffic (endo/exocytosis)
what are the two ways that diffusion occurs
intersticies of lipid bilayer and protein channels
what can protein channels be gated by
electric signals (voltage gated) and chemicals (ligand gated)
define osmosis
diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane/selectively permeable membrane
cell 1 is in a ____ medium
isotonic
cell 2 is in a _____ medium
hypertonic
cell 3 is in a ____ medium
hypotonic
primary active transport occurs when….
ATP is consumed by transporting protein
define endocytosis
movement of macromolecules from outside to inside cell via invagination (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)
define exocytosis
macromolecules packaged in secretory vescicles and extruded from cell requiring calcium and energy
How much body fluid is made up of intracellular fluid
2/3rds
how much body fluid is made up of extracellular fluid
1/3rd
What proportion of ECF is interstitial fluid
2/3rd
what proportion of ECF is vascular fluid
1/3rd (normal vol is 5L)
Solutes in ICF
K+, Mg, PO4, protein
solutes in ECF
Na, Ca, Cl2 and HCO3, O2, CO2, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
interstitial fluid and vascular fluid is separated by
capillary membranes
Loss of isotonic fluid (hemorrhage, urine) results in
no change in osmolarity, no change in the cells
loss of hypotonic fluid (sweating, urine) results in
increase in ECF osmolarity, fluid will move from the ICF to the ECF and cells will shrink
ingestion of salt tablets would increase osmolarity of ECF and result in fluid moving from…
ICF to ECF, cells shrink
isotonic fluid gain will cause
increase in ECF volume but no movement between cells
Hypotonic fluid gain will cause
an increase in the ICF, fluid will move into intracellular space and cells will swell
name periods of action potential
depolarization, repolarization, refractory
absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period
no impulse no matter how strong stimulus in absolute, greater than normal stimulus in relative will cause impulse
