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PHARMACOLOGY PRELIMS > INTRO TO PHARMA > Flashcards

INTRO TO PHARMA Flashcards

1
Q

First began when a human first used ____to relieve symptoms of disease

A

plants (herbal medicine).

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2
Q

recorded the earliest surviving “prescriptions” on clay tablets in 3000 BC.

A

Babylonians

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3
Q

recorded the Pen Tsao (Great Herbal), a 40-volume compendium of plant remedies dating to 2700 BC

A

Chinese

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4
Q

(Great Herbal), a 40-volume compendium of plant remedies

A

Pen Tsao

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5
Q

Chinese recorded the Pen Tsao (Great Herbal), a 40-volume compendium of plant remedies

A

2700 BC

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6
Q

Babylonians recorded the earliest surviving “prescriptions” on clay tablets

A

3000 BC.

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7
Q

earliest surviving prescriptions

A

clay tablets

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8
Q

archived their remedies on a document known as Eber’s Papyrus.

A

Egyptians

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9
Q

Egyptians archived their remedies on a document known as Eber’s Papyrus.

A

1500 B.C.

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10
Q

an ancient medical document that contains over 842 remedies for illnesses and injuries

A

Eber’s Papyrus

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11
Q

Eber’s Papyrus contains over ____ remedies for illnesses and injuries

A

842

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12
Q

Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materiam Medicum is by

A

Samuel Dale

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13
Q

first recorded reference to the word pharmacology was found

A

Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materiam Medicum by Samuel

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14
Q

Samuel Dale’s Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materiam Medicum

A

1963

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15
Q

study of herbal medicines. A term that persisted into the early 20th century.

A

Materia Medica

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16
Q

Materia Medica is a term that persisted into the ____

A

early 20th century.

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17
Q

Modern Pharmacology Started in

A

early 1800’s

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18
Q

Chemists isolate these active agents’

A

morphine, colchicine, cocaine

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19
Q

During this time, chemists isolate active agents’

A

Modern Pharmacology

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20
Q

isolated morphine from opium

A

Frederich Serturner

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21
Q

Frederich Serturner isolated morphine from opium

A

1805

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22
Q

first department of pharmacology was established. in

A

Estonia

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23
Q

first department of pharmacology was established. in Estonia in

A

1847

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24
Q

father of American pharmacology and founded first pharmacology department in the United States at the University in Michigan 1890.

A

John Jacob Abel

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25
Q

John Jacob Abel founded first pharmacology department in the

A

United States at the University in Michigan

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26
Q

John Jacob Abel founded first pharmacology department in

A

1890

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27
Q

Hundreds of new drugs can be synthesized and tested for a short time.

A

20th Century

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28
Q

It became possible to understand how drugs produced their effects, down to their molecular mechanism of action.

A

20th Century

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29
Q

Derived from two Greek words: Pharmacon means “medicine” and Logos means “study”.

A

Pharmacology

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30
Q

Study of medicine

A

Pharmacology

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31
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention of disease and treatment of suffering.

A

Therapeutics

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32
Q

Application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment of suffering

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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33
Q
  1. Drugs or Medications
  2. Biologics
  3. Complementary and Alternative Therapies
A

Classification of Therapeutics Agents

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34
Q

chemical agent capable of producing biological responses within the body

A

Drugs or Medications

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35
Q

responses may be desirable (therapeutic) or undesirable (adverse).

A

Drugs or Medications

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36
Q

refers to response after a treatment of any kind, the result of which are judged to be useful or favorable.

A

Therapeutic Effect

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37
Q

an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention

A

Adverse Effect

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38
Q

Are agents naturally produced in animal cells by microorganism or by the body itself.

A

Biologics

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39
Q

Used to treat wide variety of illness

A

Biologics

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40
Q

•Natural plant extracts
• Herbs
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Dietary supplement

A

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

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41
Q

➢ Acupuncture
➢Hypnosis/Hypnotherapy
➢ Biofeedback
➢ Therapeutic Massage

A

Complementary and Alternative Therapies EXAMPLES

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42
Q

treats patients by insertion and manipulation of needles.

A

Acupuncture

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43
Q

Minimally invasive method to stimulate nerve-rich areas of the skin surface to influence tissues, organs, and various functions of the body

A

Acupuncture

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44
Q

Mental state (state theory) or imaginative role-enactment (non-state theory).

A

Hypnosis/Hypnotherapy

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45
Q

Induced by a procedure known as hypnotic induction, which is commonly composed of a long series of preliminary instructions and suggestions

A

Hypnosis/Hypnotherapy

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46
Q

Measurement of physiological responses that yields information about the relationship between the mind and the body and helps clients learn how to manipulate those responses through mental activity.

A

Biofeedback

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47
Q

Application of pressure and motion by the hands with the intent of improving the recipient’s well-being.

A

Therapeutic Massage

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48
Q
  1. Plants
  2. Animals
  3. Minerals and mineral products
  4. Chemical substances
A

Sources of Drugs

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49
Q

digitalis, opium, belladonna

A

Plant Source

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50
Q

epinephrine, insulin

A

Animals Source

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51
Q

iron

A

Minerals and mineral products Source

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52
Q

made in the laboratory.

A

Chemical substances Source

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53
Q
  1. Prescription drugs
  2. OTC
  3. Investigational Drugs
  4. Illicit or “Street” Drugs
A

Classification of Drugs

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54
Q
  • Prescribe by a doctor
  • Bought in the pharmacy
  • Prescribed and intended to be used by one person
A

Prescription drugs

55
Q

An order of medication or other forms of therapy which specifies precisely the name of the drug and the dosage regimen to be used by the client or patient for whom it may concern.

A

Prescription

56
Q
  1. Order must be given
  2. HCP can examine the client
  3. Dx is established
  4. Practitioner can order for the proper dug and can control the amt and frqncy.
  5. Client can be taught how to use the drug and its side effects.
A

Prescription drugs

57
Q

Does not require a physician’s order

A

OTC

58
Q

They may treat themselves safely if they carefully follow instructions included in the medication.

A

OTC

59
Q

Subjected to clinical studies to evaluate the usefulness of the drug in treating the disease for which it is claimed to be effected

A

Investigational Drugs

60
Q

These drugs are used and or distributed illegally

A

Illicit or “Street” Drugs

61
Q

Heroin, stimulants, cocaine, marijuana

A

Examples of Illicit or “Street” Drugs

62
Q
  1. Formulary
  2. U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP)
A

Drug Regulations and Standards

63
Q

List of drugs and drug recipes

A

Formulary

64
Q

First standard commonly used by pharmacist

A

Formulary

65
Q

Medical reference summarizing standards of drug purity, strength, and direction for synthesis

A

U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP)

66
Q

The first comprehensive publication of drug standards in US, was established in 1820.

A

U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP)

67
Q

U.S. Pharmacopoeia was established in

A

1820

68
Q

Regulatory Acts, Standards, and Organizations

A
  1. Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)
  2. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
69
Q

Was created under the Philippines Department of Health as the regulatory and enforcement organization for all food, drug, cosmetic, and related products.

A

Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)

70
Q

Was officially established as an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

A

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

71
Q
  1. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
  2. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
A

Branches of the FDA

72
Q

Branch of the FDA, exercises control over whether prescription drugs and OTC drugs may be used for therapy

A

CDER

73
Q

Branch of FDA, that regulates the use of biologics including serums, vaccines, and blood products.

A

CBER

74
Q
  1. Preclinical Investigation
  2. Clinical Investigation
  3. Review of the New Drug Application (NDA)
  4. Post marketing Surveillance
A

4 Phases of Therapeutic Drugs and Biologics

75
Q

Involves extensive laboratory research

A

Preclinical Investigation

76
Q

Studies performed in several species of animals to examine the drugs’ effectiveness at different doses and to look for adverse effects

A

Preclinical Investigation

77
Q

The second stage of drug testing, takes place in 3 different stages termed clinical phase trials

A

Clinical Investigation

78
Q

The longest part of the drug approval access

A

Clinical Investigation

79
Q

Third stage of the drug approval process

A

Review of the New Drug Application (NDA)

80
Q

This stage, clinical phase III trials and animals may continue depending on the results obtained from the preclinical testing.

A

Review of the New Drug Application (NDA)

81
Q

The final stage of the drug approval process begins after clinical trials and the NDA review have been completed

A

Post marketing Surveillance

82
Q

The purpose of this stage is to survey for harmful drug effects in a larger population

A

Post marketing Surveillance

83
Q

➢ Therapeutic Classification
➢ Pharmacological Classification
➢ Mechanism of Action

A

Drug Classes and Schedule

84
Q

organizing drugs based on their therapeutic usefulness in treating a particular disease.

A

Therapeutic Classification

85
Q

refers to the way an agent works at the molecular, tissue, and body system level.

A

Pharmacological Classification

86
Q

how drugs produce its effect in the body.

A

Mechanism of Action

87
Q

Influence blood clotting

A

Anticoagulant

88
Q

Lower blood cholesterol

A

Antihyperlipidemics

89
Q

Lower blood pressure

A

Antihypertensive

90
Q

treat angina

A

Antianginals

91
Q

restore normal cardiac rythym

A

Antidysrythmics

92
Q
  1. Anticoagulant
  2. Antihyperlipidemic
  3. Antihypertensive
  4. Antianginals
  5. Antidysrhythmic
A

ex according to Therapeutic Classification

93
Q
  1. Diuretic
  2. Calcium Channel Blocker
  3. Angiotensin Converting enzyme inhibitor
  4. Adrenergic-antagonist (blocker)
  5. Vasodilator
A

ex according to Pharmacological Classification

94
Q

Lowers Plasma Volume

A

Diuretic

95
Q

Blocks heart calcium channels

A

Calcium Channel Blocker

96
Q

Blocks hormonal activity

A

Angiotensin Converting enzyme inhibitor

97
Q

Blocks physiologic reax to stress

A

Adrenergic-antagonist (blocker)

98
Q

Dilates peripheral blood vessels

A

Vasodilator

99
Q

Helpful in predicting a substance physical and chemical properties

A

Chemical Name

100
Q

Conveys clear and concise meaning about the nature of the drug, they are often complicated and difficult to remember or pronounce

A

Chemical Name

101
Q

Describes the drug’s chemical nature

A

Chemical Name

102
Q

o Lithium carbonate
o Calcium gluconate
o Sodium chloride

A

Chemical Name examples

103
Q

Less complicated and easier to remember

Usually, lower cased

A

Generic Name

104
Q

Only one generic name for each drug, health care providers often use this name

A

Generic Name

105
Q

Is the official nonproprietary name for the drug.

A

Generic Name

106
Q

Assigned by the company marketing the drug

A

Trade Name/Brand Name

107
Q

Also called proprietary or product or brand name

A

Trade Name/Brand Name

108
Q

Usually capitalized

A

Trade Name/Brand Name

109
Q

contains more than one active generic ingredients.

A

Combination drug

110
Q

Combination drug

A

Trade Name/Brand Name

111
Q

Physiological ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effects.

A

Bioavailability

112
Q

Drug whose use is restricted by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.

A

Controlled Substance

113
Q

Controlled Substance use is restricted by

A

Controlled Substances Act of 1970.

114
Q

generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture, possession, or use are regulated by a government

A

Control substance

115
Q

refers to the overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use drugs repeatedly

A

Addiction

116
Q

physiological or psychological need for a substance.

A

Dependence

117
Q

refers to an altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the nervous system to repeat drug use

A

Physical Dependence

118
Q

the individual expresses physical signs of discomfort when the drug is no longer available.

A

Withdrawal

119
Q

the individual feels an intense compelling desire to continue drug use.

A

Psychologically Dependent

120
Q

Drugs that have a significant potential for abuse.

A

Scheduled Drugs

121
Q

Therap use is limited or none

A

DS 1

122
Q

Therapeutically used w/ precription

A

DS 2,3,4

123
Q

Therapeutically used w/o precription

A

DS 5

124
Q

Highest, high,high

A

DS 1

125
Q

high, high. high

A

DS 2

126
Q

Mod, mod, high

A

DS 3

127
Q

lower, lower, lower

A

DS 4

128
Q

lowest, lowest, lowest

A

DS 5

129
Q

Heroin
Isd
Marijuana
Methaqualone

A

DS 1 examples

130
Q

Morphine
Cocaine
Methadone
Methamphetamines’

A

DS 2 examples

131
Q

Steroids
Codeine
Hydrocodone w/ aspirin or Tylenol
Some barbiturates

A

DS 3 examples

132
Q

Dextropropoxyphene
Pentazocine
Meprobamate
Diazepam
Alprazolam

A

DS 4 examples

133
Q

OTC
Cough meds w/ codeine

A

DS 5 examples

PHARMACOLOGY PRELIMS (5 decks)

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