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PHARMACOLOGY PRELIMS > DRUG ACTIONS AND THE BODY > Flashcards

DRUG ACTIONS AND THE BODY Flashcards

1
Q

drug becomes a solution so that it can
cross the biologic membrane.

A

PHARMACEUTIC PHASE

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2
Q

Approximately 80% of drugs are taken by
mouth

A

PHARMACEUTIC PHASE

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3
Q

PHARMACEUTIC PHASE Is also called

A

Dissolution Phase

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4
Q

Drugs that DON’T HAVE PHARMACEUTIC
PHASE

A

*SQ
* IM
* IV

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5
Q

3 Phases of Drug Action

A
  1. Pharmaceutic
  2. Pharmacokinetic
  3. Pharmacodynamics
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6
Q

Breakdown of tablets in smaller particles

A

DISINTEGRATION

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7
Q

Dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI
fluid before absorption.

A

DISSOLUTION

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8
Q

Drug in solid form must disintegrate into
small particles to dissolve in liquid.

A

DISSOLUTION

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9
Q

Process of drug movement to achieve a
drug action.

A

PHARMACOKINETIC PHASE

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10
Q

Describes how the body handles the
medication

A

PHARMACOKINETIC PHASE

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11
Q

2 PROCESSES to cross body
membranes

A
  1. Diffusion or Passive Movement
  2. Active Transport Movement
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12
Q

movement of chemical from higher to lower
concentration.

A

Diffusion or Passive Movement

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13
Q

movement of chemical
against a concentration or electrochemical
gradient.

A

Active Transport Movement

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14
Q

4 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN
PHARMACOKINETICS

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism/Biotransformation
  4. Excretion/Elimination
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15
Q

Movement of drug particles from GI tract to
body fluids

A

ABSORPTION

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16
Q

this absorption occurs by diffusion thus drug doesn’t require energy to move across a membrane.

A

Passive absorption

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17
Q

Requires a carrier such as enzyme of
protein to move the drug against a
concentration gradient thus energy is required

A

Active absorption

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18
Q

Process by which cells carry a drug
across their membrane by engulfing
the drug particle.

A

Pinocytosis

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19
Q

drug passes to the liver first.

A

First-Pass/Hepatic First Pass

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20
Q

o Blood flow
o Pain
o Stress
o Hunger
o Fasting
o Food
o pH

A

FACTORS THAT AFFECT DRUG ABSORPTION

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21
Q

Drug administered through this have the most rapid onset of action

A

IV

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22
Q

Drug in ________are absorbed faster than tablets of capsules

A

elixir or syrup formulation

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23
Q

Drug administered in______are absorbed quickly and have more rapid onset of action than those given in opposite

A

high doses

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24
Q

Subcategory of absorption

A

BIOAVAILABILITY

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25
Q

percentage of the administered drug
dose that reaches the systematic
circulation

A

BIOAVAILABILITY

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26
Q

bioavailability of this route occurs after absorption and first pass metabolism

A

oral route

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27
Q

Percentage of Bioavailability for Oral route

A

always less than 100%

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28
Q

Percentage of Bioavailability for IV route

A

100%

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29
Q

Percentage of Bioavailability of Oral drugs that have high first pass hepatic metabolism

A

20% to 40%.

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30
Q

o Drug form
o Route of administration
o GI mucosa and motility
o Food and other drugs
o Changes in liver metabolism

A

FACTORS THAT AFFECT BIOAVAILABILITY

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31
Q

caused by
liver dysfunction or inadequate hepatic
blood flow

A

Changes in liver metabolism

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32
Q

Process by which the drugs become
available to body fluids and body tissues.

A

DISTRIBUTION

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33
Q

Drugs with a_____of drug distribution have a longer half-life and stays in the body longer

A

larger volume

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34
Q

Drugs with a_____of drug distribution have a longer half-life and stays in the body longer

A

larger volume

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35
Q

Heart, liver, kidney, and brain receives the_____blood supply

A

MOST

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36
Q

Skin, bone, and adipose tissues receive a
_________ blood flow or supply

A

LOWER

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37
Q

They possess the special anatomical barriers that inhibit many chemicals and medication from entering

A

Blood – brain barrier and Fetal – placental
barrier

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38
Q

o Blood flow
o Drug’s affinity to the tissue
o Protein binding effect

A

FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISTRIBUTION

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39
Q

Drugs that are greater than 89% bound to
protein are known as

Diazepam 98%

A

HIGHLY PROTEIN-BINDING DRUGS

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40
Q

61%-89% bound to protein are

Ex: Erythromycin 70/5

A

MODERATELY HIGH PROTEIN BOUNDS.

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41
Q

30%-60% drugs bound to protein are

Ex: Aspirin 49%

A

MODERATELY PROTEIN BOUNDS

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42
Q

Less than 30% drugs bound to protein are

Ex: Amoxicillin 20%

A

LOW PROTEIN BOUND DRUGS.

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43
Q

This lead to drug toxicity.

A

Low Serum Albumin Level

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44
Q

Prevent some medication from entering
certain body organs.

A

BARRIERS TO DRUG DISTRIBUTION

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45
Q
  1. Blood Brain Barrier
  2. Placental Barrier
A

BARRIERS TO DRUG DISTRIBUTION

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46
Q

– to pass this barrier, drug must be lipid soluble and loosely attached to plasma protein

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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47
Q

shields from possibility of adverse effects but many substances like drugs, nicotine, and alcohol do cross

A

Placental Barrier

48
Q

Process of chemically converting a drug to be easily removed from the body.

A

METABOLISM OR BIOTRANSFORMATION

49
Q

A process by which the body inactivates, or biotransforms drugs

A

METABOLISM OR BIOTRANSFORMATION

50
Q

primary site of drug metabolism

A

LIVER

51
Q

makes drug more water soluble and excreted by the kidneys

A

CONJUGATES

52
Q

Metabolized the lipid soluble drugs to water soluble for excretion

A

ROLE OF LIVER IN METABOLISM &
BIOTRANSFORMATION

53
Q

Some drugs are transformed in active metabolites causing increased pharmacologic response

A

ROLE OF LIVER IN METABOLISM &
BIOTRANSFORMATION

54
Q

Time it takes for ½ of the drug concentration to be eliminated.

A

HALF-LIFE (t1/2)

55
Q

The time it takes for a drug to reach a
steady state of serum concentration can
be computed

A

HALF-LIFE (t1/2)

56
Q

Process where the drug is removed from
the body.

A

EXCRETION

57
Q

main route of drug elimination.

A

KIDNEY

58
Q

main route of drug elimination.

A

KIDNEY

59
Q

a process where some of the drugs is secreted in the bile

A

BILIARY EXCRETION

60
Q
  • Hepatic metabolism
  • Bile
  • Feces
  • Lungs
  • Saliva
  • Sweat
  • Breastmilk
A

ROUTES FOR EXCRETION

61
Q

Common test used to determine renal function

A

CREATININE CLEARANCE AND BLOOD UREA
NITROGEN (BUN)

62
Q

A metabolic by-product of muscle that is excreted by the kidney.

A

CREATININE

63
Q

Creatinine level can be tested by obtaining urine collection for

A

12–24-hour

64
Q

normal creatinine level

A

85-135 ml/min

65
Q

therapeutic response of most drugs related to
their level in the plasma

A

DRUG PLASMA CONCENTRATION

66
Q
  1. Minimum effective concentration
  2. Toxic concentration
A

PLASMA DRUG LEVELS

67
Q

amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect

A

Minimum effective concentration

68
Q

level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects.

A

Toxic concentration

69
Q

Plasma drug concentration between the minimum effective drug concentration and toxic concentration.

A

THERAPEUTIC RANGE

70
Q

Refers to how the medicine changes the body

A

PHARMACODYNAMIC PHASE

71
Q

Refers to how the medicine changes the body

A

PHARMACODYNAMIC PHASE

72
Q

During this phase, drug response can cause primary and
secondary effect

A

PHARMACODYNAMIC PHASE

73
Q

relationship between the minimal vs the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce desired drug response

A

DOSE RESPONSE

74
Q

time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after the drug administered

A

ONSET OF ACTION

75
Q

occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration

A

PEAK ONSET

76
Q

length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect

A

DURATION OF ACTION

77
Q

drug acts through receptors to initiate a response or to prevent a response.

A

RECEPTOR THEORY

78
Q
  1. Kinase
  2. Ligand
  3. G protein
  4. Nuclear receptors
A

4 RECEPTOR SYSTEMS

79
Q

linked receptor

A

Kinase

80
Q

Drug activates enzyme inside the cell and the response is INITIATED.

A

Kinase

81
Q

Ligand-binding domain for drugbinding is on the cell surface.

A

Kinase

82
Q

gated ion channels

A

Ligand

83
Q

Channel spans the cell membrane and with this type of receptor, THE CHANNEL OPENS, allowing for the flow of ions into and out of the cell

A

Ligand

84
Q

coupled receptor systems.

A

G protein

85
Q
  1. Receptor
  2. G-protein that binds with
    guanosine triphosphate.
  3. Effector that is either and
    enzyme or ion channel.
A

3 COMPONENTS to G protein receptor response

86
Q

cell nucleus and not on the surface of the cell membrane

A

Nuclear receptors

87
Q

Drugs that produce a response.

A

AGONISTS

88
Q

Drugs that produce same type of response as the endogenous substance.

A

AGONISTS

89
Q

describes a medication that produces a weaker or less efficacious response than an agonist.

A

PARTIAL AGONISTS

90
Q

Drug that blocks a response.

A

ANTAGONISTS

91
Q

Drugs will occupy a receptor and prevent the endogenous chemical from acting

A

ANTAGONISTS

92
Q
  1. Stimulation or Depression
  2. Replacement
  3. Inhibition or killing of organism
  4. Irritation
A

4 CATEGORIES OF DRUG ACTION

93
Q

rate of cell activity or the secretion from the gland increases.

A

STIMULATES

94
Q

cell activity and function of a specific organ are reduced

A

DEPRESSES

95
Q

replace essential body compound like INSULIN.

A

REPLACEMENT

96
Q

drugs that inhibit or kill organisms interfere with bacterial cell growth.

A

INHIBITION OR KILLING

97
Q

irritate a specific body part.

A

IRRITATION

98
Q

Highest plasma concentration of drug in the px bloodstream

A

PEAK DRUG LEVEL

99
Q

Indicates the rate of absorption of a drug.

A

PEAK DRUG LEVEL

100
Q

Lowest plasma concentration of a drug.

A

TROUGH DRUG LEVEL

101
Q

Indicate the rate of elimination of the drug

A

TROUGH DRUG LEVEL

102
Q

Large initial dose of a drug is given when immediate drug response is desired.

A

LOADING DOSE

103
Q

A drug is given to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma

A

LOADING DOSE

104
Q

Physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects.

A

SIDE EFFECTS

105
Q

this can be desirable or undesirable

A

SIDE EFFECTS

106
Q

More severe than side effects.

Always undesirable

A

ADVERSE REACTIONS

107
Q

Range of untoward effects of drugs that cause mild to severe side effect, including anaphylaxis (cardiovascular
collapse)

A

ADVERSE REACTIONS

108
Q

When drug level exceeds the therapeutic range

A

TOXIC EFFECT/TOXICITY

109
Q

Happens when overdosing or drug accumulation occur.

A

TOXIC EFFECT/TOXICITY

110
Q

A way to compare the doses of two independently administered drugs in terms of how much is needed to produce a response.

A

POTENCY

111
Q

Magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug.

A

EFFICACY

112
Q

Area of pharmacology that examine the role of heredity in drug response.

A

PHARMACOGENETICS

113
Q

unpredictable and unexplained drug reactions

A

IDIOSYNCRATIC RESPONSE

114
Q

refers to decrease responsiveness over the course of the
therapy.

A

TOLERANCE

115
Q

refers to rapid decrease response to the drug.

A

TACHYPHYLAXIS

116
Q

a physiological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of a drug effect

A

PLACEBO EFFECT

PHARMACOLOGY PRELIMS (5 decks)

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