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PHTH 561 - Pharm > Intro to Pharm, drug discovery and development, routes of administration - Study Guide > Flashcards

Intro to Pharm, drug discovery and development, routes of administration - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the generic name of a drug?

A

It comes from the chemical name and can be shorter.
It is also non-prorietary

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2
Q

What is brand name of drugs?

A

Assigned to the compound by a pharmaceutical company for marketing purposes

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3
Q

What is the chemical name of a drug?

A

Refers to the specific compound structure that is long and too much to say

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4
Q

What are some examples of nomenclature for a drug?

A

Chemical name: 2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N -dimethylethylamine hydrochloride

Generic name: Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride

Brand names: allergy relief, allermax, diphedryl, ZzzQuil

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5
Q

What is a schedule I substance?

Give some examples!

A

Drugs with NO accepted medical use with the highest potential for abuse

No medical use - high risk for abuse

Heroin, LSD, weed, MDMA, etc.

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6
Q

What is schedule II substances?

Give examples!

A

Drugs with high potential for abuse with possible dependece BUT has an accepted medical used through prescriptions

Methylphenidate, methamphetamine, Oxycodone, Morphine, Methadone, Hydropmorphone, Fentanyl, Cocaine, etc.

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7
Q

What is schedule III substances?

Give examples!

A

Moderate to lower abuse potentional compared to schedule II drugs

Anabolic Steroids, Testosterone, Codeine, Ketamine

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8
Q

What is schedule IV substances?

A

Lower abuse potential compared to schedule III drugs + lower risk of dependence

Diazepam, Lorazepam, Phenobarb, Propoxyphene, Tramadol

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9
Q

What is schedule V substances?

Give examples!

A

Lowest abuse potential

Diazepam, Lorazepam, Phenobarb, Propoxyphene, Tramadol

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10
Q

What is Pharmacology?

A

The study of how chemical agents, both natural and synthetic that affect biological systems.

  • has subsystems of pharmacotherapeutics and toxicology
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11
Q

What is pharmokinetics?

A

What the body does to the drug

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12
Q

What are the categories of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

ADME

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13
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body

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14
Q

What does pharmacodynamics depend on?

A

On the drug receptor and the ability of the drug to bind to the receptors

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15
Q

What is toxicology?

A

study of effects of chemical, biological and physical agents on humans

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16
Q

What is the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmcodynamics?

A

Pharmacokinetics is the body’s response to the drug

Pharmacodynamics is how the drug affects the body

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17
Q

What is absorption affected by?

A

the bioavailability that depends on the body itself:
- stomach acidity
- gastric emptying
- overall surface area
- GI enzymes
- developmental changes

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18
Q

What does bioavailability depend on?

A
  • the route of administration
  • how the drug crosses the membrane barriers (active, passive, faciliated, any special processes)
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19
Q

Where does the drug go and where is it stored?

A

Where:
- tissue
- blood
- plasma proteins
- subcellular components

Stored:
- fat
- bone
- muscle
- organs

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20
Q

What is the volume of distribution?

A

ratio of the drug that is concentrated in the plasma

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21
Q

What are the factors that affect distribution?

A
  • the tissue permeability
  • blood flow
  • how it binds to the plasma protein
  • how it binds to the subcellular component
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22
Q

What is the Phase 1 of drug metabolism?

A

With the use of enzyme CYP450
- it takes a drug and makes it more polar and water solube = easier to be excreted
- it also allow the drug to be properly effective

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23
Q

What is a CYP inductor?

A

This increases the activity of CYP450 = making the drug less effective

Ex. rifampin and carbamazepine

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24
Q

What is a CYP inhibitor?

A

Decreases the activity of CYP450 = making a drug more effective

Ex. valproic acid and fluoxetine

25
Q

What is the phase II of drug metabolism?

A

takes the drug that already went through phase I and makes it more water solube and polar = making it even easier to excrete

Called conjugation reactions

Ex.
- Glucoronidation
- Sulphate
- Glycerin
- Acetylation
- Methylation

26
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

amount of drug that can be accessed to the systemic circuit

27
Q

What is bioequivalence?

A

the similarities of two or more drugs that share the same ingredients and outcome

28
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

a phenomenon where the meds undergo metabolism at a specific place in the body

oral route -> transport -> thru the liver -> metabolized BEFORE reaching circulation

29
Q

What is half life?

A

The time needed for 50% of the drug to stay in the body before it’s gone

30
Q

What is the difference between an active transport vs passive diffusion?

A

Active - using energy to move thru concentration gradient

Passive - no energy needed

water, water soluble and small lipids go through passively

31
Q

What is the organ that does most of the metabolism for a drug?

A

Liver

32
Q

What is the organ that does most of the excretion for a drug?

A

Kidney

33
Q

What are the factors that affect the variation to drug response?

A
  • genetics
  • disease
  • age
  • diet
  • gender
  • interaction with other drugs
  • environment
  • cigarettes and alcohol
  • obesity
  • exercise
  • injuries
34
Q

What is dose-response?

A

gives information about:
- dosage range over when the drug is effective
- gives the peak response

35
Q

What is potency?

A

the dose that has a response in a particular response

36
Q

What is efficacy?

A

the ability to get the best response and cause a functional change that can be imparted to the receptor by the drug

37
Q

What is the median effective dose?

A

dose where 50% of the population reponses to the drug in a specific manner

ED50

38
Q

What is the median toxic dose?

A

dose at which 50% of the group has an adverse effect

TD50

39
Q

What is the median lethal dose?

A

dose that causes death in 50% of the group in animal studies

40
Q

What is the therapeutic window?

A

Dose where therapy is conducted to be safe and effective use of the drug with min effects

41
Q

What is the formula for therapeutic index?

A

TD50 / ED50

42
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

Indicator of the drug’s safety
- greater TI = safer the drug

43
Q

What does a larger therapeutic index indicate?

A

takes a much larger dose to have a toxic response

44
Q

What are the different receptor type?

A

Channel linked
- (opens ion channel permeability)

enzyme linked
- (activates within cell)

G-protein coupled
- (linked to regulatory porteins controlling the enzymatic process in the cells)

Intracellular
- result in protein synthesis

45
Q

What is agonist?

A

affinity and drug selectivity

affinity: amount of attaction between drug and receptor

drug selectivity: ability of the drug to interact with specific reactors on the tissue

46
Q

What is partial agonist?

A

doesn’t start a max response
doesn’t fully activate the receptor

47
Q

What is a mixed agonist and antagonist?

A

at the same time
- stimulates the receptor subtype while blocking the other receptor subtypes

48
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

affinity only

49
Q

Difference between competitive vs noncompetitive antagonist

A

Competitive = inhibitor molecule is similar to drug so it can bind with the enzyme’s active site (doesn’t activate it)

Non-comp = binds to an enzyme at the allosteric site

50
Q

What is additive effect?

A

the effect of two chemicals = effect of two chemicals taken separately

51
Q

What is synergistic effects?

A

effect of two chemicals taken together > sum of their separate effects at the same doses

52
Q

What are the different routes of adminstration?

A
  • oral
  • injection
  • sublingual and buccal
  • rectal
  • vaginal
  • ocular
  • otic
  • Nasal
53
Q

What is parenteral route of adminstration?

A

medications that is placed into the tissues and circulatory system by:
- injection
- transdermal
- inhalation
- topical

54
Q

What is tolerance?

A

When someone has a decreased response to a drug
- this happens when the drug is always used and the body adapts to the drug

55
Q

What is dependence?

A

Taking a drug constantly that they need it to experience the effects and avoiding it’s absence

56
Q

What is addiction?

A

Disease that affects a person’s behavior and need to use of drug or medicine

57
Q

What are the stages of clinical trials for a drug?

A
58
Q

What are the stages of drug discovery?

A

PHTH 561 - Pharm (6 decks)

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