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Pharmacology > Intro To Pharm > Flashcards

Intro To Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the responsibility of a PT in regards to patients on medication?

A
  1. Be able to recognize adverse effects
  2. Act accordingly
  3. Know side effects in order to ensure patient safety.
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2
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of drugs

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3
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

Any substance that, when taken into a living organism, may modify one or more of its functions.
-They can alter physiology, be harmful or beneficial, and can be synthesized or a naturally occurring compound.

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4
Q

What is pharmacotherapueitcs?

A

The study of the therapeutic use and effects of drugs in the treatment or prevention of disease.

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5
Q

What does toxicology mean?

A

Harmful effects of chemicals “side effects” or adverse effects.

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6
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug. It is the movement of a drug into, though, and out of the body.

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7
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

How a drug affects the body

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8
Q

What is the Drug Approval process?

A
  1. Identify a new drug need.
    - develop molecule
    - Includes animal studies
  2. FDA IND approval
    - Investigational new drug
  3. Clinical Trails
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9
Q

What is the first stage of a clinical trial?

A

Safety; small numbers; It is mostly done on healthy subjects unless is it toxic.

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10
Q

What is the second stage of a clinical trial?

A

Efficacy; small number that is in the hundreds; usually trialed on people with the disease; compare to placebo or current drug

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11
Q

What is the third stage of a clinical trial?

A

Larger and Longer; large group of participants; randomized and double blind

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12
Q

What is the fourth stage of a clinical trial?

A

After FDA approval, post marketing

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13
Q

What does it mean if a drug is “off patent”?

A

Last 20 years, and after that other companies can make the drug.

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14
Q

What does off label mean?

A

Used for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of administration.

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15
Q

What is the orphan drug act?

A

Provides grants for drugs less likely to be studied

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16
Q

What is treatment investigational new drugs?

A

Streamline approval process if drug is for life-threatening condition.

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17
Q

What does ADME stand for? What process is is apart of?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

It is apart of pharmacokinetics.

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18
Q

What is absoprtion?

A

The process by which a drug is transferred from site of administration to the systemic circulation.

19
Q

What are the two types of routes a drug takes for absorption into the body?

A
  1. Enteral - via the GI Track

2. Parental - via not the GI track

20
Q

What are the different enteral routes?

A
  1. Oral = tablets, capsule, syrup, solution, gum, sublingual, buccal
  2. Rectal = suppository, suspension
21
Q

What are the different parental routes?

A
  1. Injection = IV, IM, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, intrathecal, epidural, interosseous, intraperitoneal
  2. Inhalation
  3. Topical
  4. Transdermal = patch, electrical, ultrasound
  5. Implant
22
Q

What are the 3 main pathways that a drug takes to get to its target?

A
  1. passive diffusion through lipid membrane
  2. passive diffusion through aqueous channel
  3. carrier mediation (binds to a protein
23
Q

What are factors that impact drug movement?

A
  1. Lipophilicity
  2. Size of a drug molecule
  3. Membrane thickness
  4. Acidic vs. Basic Molecules
  5. Concentration gradient
  6. The blood brain barrier
24
Q

What is the BBB and how does it effect absoprtion?

A

It is cells that serve as a boundary between blood and CNS fluid.

  • It is semipermeable
  • More permeable in some infections or diseases like MS
  • Smaller, more lipid soluble meds can more easily cross the BBB.
  • When drugs cross the BBB, there might be more CNS related ADRs (dizziness, drowsiness)
25
Q

What are some barriers to delivery that are associated with absoprtion?

A
  1. User Error
  2. Lipid solubility, degree of ionization
  3. Fast/slow gastric emptying
  4. Food or drug interactions
  5. Bioavailabilty
  6. First pass metabolism/effect/elimination
26
Q

What factors that determine the rate of distribution?

A
  • Lipid solubility and degree of drug ionization
  • Organ blood flow
  • molecular weight
  • local metabolism in any tissue other than the target organ
  • binding to plasma proteins
27
Q

How is distribution measured?

A

Vd = total concentration of drug in the body/ plasma concentration

28
Q

What determines a higher volume of distribution?

A

It means there is less drugs binding to a protein so there is more active drug in the tissue.

29
Q

What determines a lower volume of distribution?

A

More drug binding to protein means there is less active drug in the tissue.

30
Q

What 3 factors effect protein binding?

A
  1. disease state
  2. nutrition
  3. drug interactions
31
Q

What is metabolism?

A

How a drug is inactivated and prepared for elimination

32
Q

What is the 1st phase of metabolism?

A

It is a catabolic process that it catalyzed by CYP450 enzymes. It takes a drug from a large molecule to a small molecule.

33
Q

What are the derivatives of the 1st phase of metabolism?

A
  1. Usually inactive molecule

2. Sometimes active molecule

34
Q

What is the 2nd phase of metabolism?

A

It is a conjunction reaction.

Add hydrophilic group = less lipid soluble = more likely to excrete via the kidneys.

35
Q

What are CYP enzymes?

A

Enzymes that catalyze reactions in order to break down drugs into active or inactive products. The mainly occur in the liver.

36
Q

Why do CYP450 enzymes matter?

A

They break down drugs into active or inactive products.

Some drugs induce or inhibit CYP - bind to the enzyme to change its activity or change gene expression so that more or less enzyme is produced. It is key in drug-drug interactions.

37
Q

What is the common routes of elimination?

A
  1. Urine via kidneys
  2. Fecal via liver - bile fluid - intestine
    * Can also be excreted by exhalation, tears, breast milk, saliva, sweat
38
Q

What are the properties of first order elimination?

A
  • It is the most common.
  • The elimination (units per hour) is proportional to drug concentration
  • Has a constant half-life
39
Q

What are the properties of the zero order elimination?

A
  • It is less common
  • elimination rate is constant and independent of concentration.
  • saturate elimination mechanisms
  • inconsistant half-life
40
Q

What is a half-life of a drug?

A

It is how long it takes to eliminate 50% of a drug.

41
Q

When is a half life considered cleared? Why is it important?

A

At 5 half-lives.

Because you can calculate when the drug will be out of a person.

42
Q

What is the steady state?

A

When the amount of drug excreted in a specific period is equal to the amount of drug administered; often time to reach therapeutic effect.

43
Q

How many half lives does it take to reach the steady state?

A

4-5

Pharmacology (10 decks)

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