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Speech Sound Disorders > Intro to Pediatric Speech Sound Disorders > Flashcards

Intro to Pediatric Speech Sound Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

prevalence of SSDs

A
  • “young children” 8%-9%
  • first grade 5%
  • 2015: 67.6% of children with speech concerns received intervention
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2
Q

in children with communication disorders

A
  • 47% of 3-10 year olds had speech concern only
  • 24% of 11-17 year olds had speech concerns only
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3
Q

risk factors for SSDs

A
  • male (1.5-1.8 males to 1 females)
  • prenatal factors
  • postnatal factors (e.g. preterm)
  • hearing loss
  • persistent otitis media
  • reactive temperament
  • positive family history
  • low parental education level and income (for phonological awareness skills)
  • oral sucking habits
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4
Q

the pacifier debate: for

A
  • sleep!
  • reduced risk of SIDS
  • quicker transition to oral feeding in preterm infants
  • reduced pain during medical procedures
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5
Q

the pacifier debate: against

A
  • increased risk of ear infections
  • GI and diarrhea
  • oral candida
  • malocclusion
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6
Q

oral candida

A

yeast infection in the mouth

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7
Q

malocclusions

A

over bite, cross bite

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8
Q

potential effects of thumb and finger sucking

A
  • altered breathing
  • abnormal tongue rest posture
  • incorrect oral functioning patterns
  • altered use of the oral musculature
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9
Q

prevalence of SSDs: neutral factors

A
  • race
  • language
  • younger siblings
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10
Q

prevalence of SSDs: protective factors

A
  • female
  • persistent temperament
  • older siblings
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11
Q

children with speech deficits

A
  • 25%-50% have age-appropriate language skills
  • 50%-75% have some deficits in language
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12
Q

of the 50%-75% of children with both speech and language deficits

A
  • 60%-90%: language production deficits
  • 10%-40%: mixed receptive and expressive deficits
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13
Q

impact of SSDs

A
  • literacy difficulties (read, write, spell): 30%-77%
  • math difficulties at 6-9 years of age
  • more likely to drop out of school
  • less likely to attend college
  • difficulty making and maintaining friendships
  • more bullying
  • lower self-esteem
  • difficulty acquiring and keeping a job
  • often employed in semiskilled/unskilled jobs
  • workplace discrimination
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14
Q

critical-age hypothesis, highest risk

A

children who SSD does not resolve by the time they begin to receive reading instruction

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15
Q

co-occurrence, literacy difficulties

A
  • phonological awareness
  • decoding
  • encoding (spelling)
  • written expression
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16
Q

co-occurrency, even higher risk

A
  • atypical/non-developmental speech errors
  • co-occurring language impairment
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17
Q

etiology of SSDs

A
  • functional (unknown)
  • organic (known)
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18
Q

functional SSDs

A
  • most children
  • most articulation and phonological disorders
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19
Q

other names for functional SSDs

A
  • functional articulation disorders
  • developmental phonological disorders
  • idiopathic speech sound disorders
  • speech delay of unknown origin
20
Q

organically based disorder that can be easily linked to an underlying cause

A
  • structural
  • sensory/perceptual
  • neuromotor
21
Q

structural SSDs

A
  • craniofacial
  • may be congenital or acquired
  • can be of any articulatory/oral structure
  • common: cleft lip and/or palate, submucous cleft
22
Q

sensory/perceptual SSDs: hearing loss

A
  • perceiving and producing speech sounds
  • regulating suprasegmentals
23
Q

hearing loss: speech characteristics

A
  • slower ROS with more frequent pauses
  • aberrant stress, pitch, nasality, and vocal quality
  • omissions (e.g. FCD, ICD, /s/)
  • distortions (e.g. hypernasality)
  • additions (e.g. intrusive schwa)
24
Q

neuromotor SSDs

A
  • impact muscle strength, speed of movement, accuracy, coordination, planning tone
  • post-TBI, stroke
  • cerebral palsy
  • dysarthria
  • apraxia
25
Q

differential diagnosis of SSDs: speech

A
  • how we say words and sounds
  • articulation
  • fluency
  • mouth moving
  • intelligibility
26
Q

differential diagnosis of SSDs: language

A
  • multi-modal
  • meaning
  • brain
  • words that we understand and use
  • bidirectional (expressive or receptive)
27
Q

2 parts of every utterance

A
  1. audible sequence of sounds
  2. specific conveyed by the utterance
28
Q

phonetics

A
  • focuses on the form of speech sounds
  • manner and placement
29
Q

phonology

A

focuses on phonological rules and how speech sounds are organized (linguistics)

30
Q

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)

A
  1. persistent difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with speech intelligibility or prevents verbal communication of messages
  2. the disturbance causes limitations in effective communication that interfere with social participation, academic achievement or occupational performance, individually or in any combination
  3. onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period
  4. the difficulties are not attributable to congenital or acquired conditions such as CP, cleft palate, deafness or HL, TBI, or other medical neurological conditions
31
Q

SSDs related to phonology

A
  • phonological impairment
  • inconsistent speech disorder
32
Q

SSDs related to motor speech

A
  • articulation impairment
  • CAS/DAS
  • dysarthria
33
Q

this is not all black and white in real life

A

treatment approach needs to match the diagnosis

34
Q

phonological impairment definition

A

cognitive-linguistic difficulty learning phonological system of language

35
Q

phonological impairment

A
  • pattern-based speech errors
  • (theoretically) do not have difficulty with phonetic placement
  • systematic and predictable simplification patterns
  • for typically developing children, common patterns resolve with age
36
Q

consistent deviant phonological disorder “atypical” patterns

A
  • deaffrication
  • initial consonant deletion
  • backing
  • lateral lisping
37
Q

inconsistent speech disorder definition

A

impaired phonological planning

38
Q

inconsistent speech disorder

A
  • characterized by inconsistent productions of the same word
  • increased intelligibility in imitation
  • no motor planning difficulties
39
Q

motor speech disorders

A
  • problems with coordination and production require for fluent and rapid speech
  • aka: trouble performing the articulatory gestures necessary for speech production
40
Q

articulation impairment

A
  • difficulty with physical production (aka: articulation) of specific speech sounds
  • incorrect learning of the correct motor movement
41
Q

articulation impairment: characterized by difficulty with phonetic placement of specific words

A
  • SODA: substitutions (development easier for developmentally later)
  • lateralized or dentalized sibilants
  • labialized /r/
  • derhotacized /r/, vocalic /r/
42
Q

childhood apraxia of speech definition

A

a neurological childhood (pediatric) SSD in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g., abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone)

43
Q

childhood apraxia of speech

A
  • may occur as a result of known or unknown origin, or as an idiopathic neurogenic SSD
  • the core impairment in planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences results in errors in speech sound production and prosody
44
Q

childhood apraxia of speech, developmental dysapraxia, developmental verbal apraxia, developmental apraxia of speech

A
  • no weakness or paralysis of musculature
  • developmental CAS (no known neurological injury)
  • IQ within normal limits
  • receptive language much > expressive language
  • normal hearin
45
Q

(childhood) dysarthria

A
  • disorder in the ability to control and execute speech movements
  • caused by neurological impairment
  • flaccid, spastic, hyperkinetic, hypokinetic, ataxic, mixed
  • could occur during or after birth, via TBI, or neurological condition
  • weakness, slowness, incoordination of muscles used to produce speech
46
Q

(childhood) dysarthria: voice characteristics

A
  • reduced loudness
  • low pitch
  • harsh
  • hypernasal

Speech Sound Disorders (9 decks)

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