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MCBM Exam 5 Kat > Intro To Pathology And Neoplasia > Flashcards

Intro To Pathology And Neoplasia Flashcards

0
Q

Define etiology.

A

The cause

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1
Q

Define pathology.

A

The study of disease

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2
Q

Define pathogenesis.

A

Mechanism of development

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3
Q

Define morphological/pathological changes.

A

Alterations in cells and organs

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4
Q

Define pathophysiology.

A

The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury

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5
Q

What are the two major etiological factors?

A

Genetic

Acquired

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6
Q

What are some examples of diseases with acquired etiologies?

A

Caries
Traumatic Ulcer
Syphillis - chancre

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7
Q

What some examples of diseases with genetic etiologies?

A

Crouzon Syndrome - craniofacial dysostosis
Amelogenesis imperfecta
Familial denim atoms polyopsis

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8
Q

Define pathogenesis.

A

Sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to the etiological agent, from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease.

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10
Q

What’s the difference between a sign and a symptom?

A

A symptom is experienced and reported by the patient, while a sign is discovered by the physician during examination

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11
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.

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12
Q

What are some distinguishing factors that can be used to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors?

A

Degree of differentiation
Rate of growth
Local invasiveness
Distant spread

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13
Q

What are some ways to describe benign tumors?

A 
Small
Well demarcated
Slow growing
Noninvasive
Nonmetastic
Well differentiated
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14
Q

What are some ways to describe malignant tumors?

A 
Large
Poorly demarcated
Rapidly growing with hemorrhage and necrosis
Locally invasive
Metastic
Poorly differentiated
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15
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Non malignant cellular growth

Can be a precursor to malignancy

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16
Q

What are some causes of Dysplasia?

A

Chronic irritation
Chemical agents
Cigarette smoke
Chronic inflammatory irritation

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of dysplasia?

A

Disorganized, structureless maturation and spatial arrangement
Atypical cells without invasion
Acanthosis in the epithelium

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18
Q

What does the differentiation of parenchymal tumor cells refer to?

A

The extent to which they resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally

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19
Q

What is a Lipoma?

A

Well encapsulated adipose tissue with fat necrosis areas, fibrosis and calcification

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20
Q

What does in situ mean?

A

Abnormal cells that grow in their normal place (i.e. cancer that has stayed where it began and has not spread)

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21
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Replacement of one cell type with another

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22
Q

What are some examples of metaplasia?

A

Squamous metaplasia in the cervix - changes due to HPV infection
Barrett’s esophagus - chronic inflammation from reflux

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23
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Lack of differentiation

24
Q

What are malignant neoplasms that are composed of undifferentiated cells are said to be what?

A

Anaplastic

25
Q

What is considered to be a hallmark of malignancy?

A

Anaplasia

26
Q

What is lymphatic spread favored by?

A

Carcinomas

27
Q

What is hematogenous spread favored by?

A

Sarcomas

28
Q

How do tumor cells break down the basement membrane?

A

Via proteolytic enzymes

29
Q

Why are the liver and lungs most frequently involved in hematogenous dissemination?

A

Because all portal area drainage flows to the live and all naval blood flows to the lungs

30
Q

What does “T” refer to in cancer staging?

A

The extent of the primary tumor. Goes from:

Tis (carcinoma in situ) to T4 (tumor directly invading other organs and tissues)

31
Q

What does “N” refer to in staging?

A

Lymph node involvement.
Goes from:
N0 (no node involved) to N1 or N>=2 (few or multiple lymph nodes involved by tumor)

32
Q

What does “M” refer to in staging?

A

Metastasis
Goes from:
M0 (absent) to M1 (present)

33
Q

What are some general causes of cancer?

A

Geographic & Environmental Factors
Age
Hereditary

34
Q

What can germ cell mutations lead to?

A

Structural birth defects

Inborn errors of metabolism

35
Q

What are mutations that occur in non-germ cells called?

A

Somatic mutations

36
Q

What is the clonal expansion principle?

A

A tumor can result if a mutation results in sufficient production of clones

37
Q

What are 6 hallmarks that most cancer cells acquire though mutations in relevant genes?

A 
Evading apoptosis
Self-sufficiency in growth signals
Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
Sustained angiogenesis
Limitless replicative potential
Tissue invasion and metastasis
38
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

Genes that promote autonomous cell growth in cancer cells

Mutated proto-oncogenes

39
Q

Why do oncogenes cause cancer?

A

Mutations in proto-oncogenes that make them into oncogenes cause the cell to no longer stop at cell checkpoints to insure it is normal

40
Q

Why can cells proliferate without external stimuli?

A

Usually because of oncogene activation

41
Q

What is VEGF?

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

42
Q

What VEGF do?

A

Promotes angiogenesis
Increases vascular permeability
Stimulates endothelial cell migration
Stimulates endothelial cell proliferation
VEGF-C selectively induces hyperplasia of lymphatic vasculature
Up-regulates endothelial expression of plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and collagenase

43
Q

What are ways that tumors may combat the hosts natural defenses?

A 
Selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants
Loss or reduction of MHC molecules
Apoptosis of Cytotoxic T cells
Lack of co-stimulation
Immunosuppression
Antigen making
44
Q

What are the 4 classes of regulatory genes that can lead to tumor formation?

A

Growth Promoting proto-oncogenes
Growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate programmed cell death apoptosis
Genes involved in DNA repair

45
Q

What is an example of a growth promoting proto-oncogene?

A

MYC

46
Q

What is an example of growth inhibiting tumor suppressor genes?

A

P53

47
Q

What are examples of genes that regulate programmed cell death?

A

Apoptosis

TNF

48
Q

What are the genes involved in DNA repair?

A

Principle targets of genetic repair

BRCA1 and BRCA2

49
Q

What is the single most common abnormality of proto-oncogenes in human tumors?

A

A point mutation of RAS family genes account for approximately 15 - 20 % of all human tumors

50
Q

Carcinomas from colony and pancreas have mutations in what proto-onocogene?

A

KRAS

51
Q

What is MYC?

A

A transcription factor and controls expression of several genes

52
Q

What forms of cancer come from MYC?

A

Burkitt Lymphoma

Myelogenous leukemia

53
Q

What are anti-VEGF therapies being used for?

A

They are being actively investigated as potential anti-cancer treatments, either as alternatives or adjuncts to conventional chemo or radiation therapy.

54
Q

What are some techniques being used to block the VEGF pathway?

A

Neutralizing monoclonal Abs against VEGF or its receptor
Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors of VEGF receptors
Soluble VEGF receptors which act as decoy receptors for VEGF
Ribozymes which target VEGF mRNA

55
Q

What does HER2 encode for?

A

A cell surface receptor that can stimulate cell division

56
Q

What protein has become an important biomarker and target of therapy for approx. 30% of breast cancer patients?

A

HER2/NEU

MCBM Exam 5 Kat (15 decks)

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