Intro to Pathology

Question 1

Why is understanding pathology important?

Answer 1

To make correct diagnosis
Give correct treatment
Understanding other diseases and impact on dental treatment
To make referrals 
To advise and educate

Question 2

What is pathology?

Answer 2

Study of disease

Question 3

What are the oral symptoms of anaemia?

Answer 3

Red tongue, inflammation of gingiva

Question 4

Oral symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 4

Xerostomia, bad breat, inflammation and tooth ddecay

Question 5

Oral symptoms of anorexia/bulimia?

Answer 5

Erosion of ename. fillings raised above eroded surfaces, sensitivity, enlargment of parotid gland, sweet breath aroma

Question 6

Oral symptoms of kidney failure?

Answer 6

Retarded tooth development in children, xerostomia, bad breath, ulcers on tongue and gingiva

Question 7

Oral symptoms of HIV?

Answer 7

Unexplained sores, yeast infections, non-removable white patches on side of tongue

Question 8

Oral symptoms of heart disease

Answer 8

Pain radiating to jaw which is caused by lack of oxygen to heart muscle

Question 9

What is aetiology

Answer 9

Causes of disease

Question 10

What is pathogenesis

Answer 10

The progressive change as the disease develops

Question 11

What is sequelae

Answer 11

Wether it gets better, persists or worsens

Question 12

What is a symptom

Answer 12

Complaint by patient

Question 13

What is the surgical sieve?

Answer 13

VIITAMIIN

Question 14

What does the surgical sieve do?

Answer 14

Categorises disease

Question 15

What does VIITAMIIN stand for?

Answer 15

Vascular, infective, inflammatory, trauma, autoimmune, metabolic, idiopathic, iatrogenic, neoplastic

Question 16

What does iatrogenic mean?

Answer 16

Caused by medical examination or treatment

Question 17

What are the first branches of the immune system?

Answer 17

Innate immunity, adaptive immunity

Question 18

What is the 1st line of defence?

Answer 18

Innate immunity

Question 19

What is the 2nd line of defence?

Answer 19

Adaptive immunity

Question 20

What are the 2nd branches of immunity (of each 1st branch)

Answer 20

Humoral, cellular

Question 21

What does humoral branch do?

Answer 21

Driven by macromolecules= antibodies

Question 22

What does cellular branch do?

Answer 22

Driven by cells such as T cells

Question 23

When is innate immunity effective?

Answer 23

First line of defence- 1,3 days, non specific responses

Question 24

Does innate immunity offer protective immunity?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

What is adaptive immunity specialised to do?

Answer 25

Specialised to recognise foreign substances or antigens in the body

Question 26

How does adaptive immunity recognise this?

Answer 26

Through receptors on B and T cells, to recognise the foreigns substances or antigens

Question 27

What does activation of B cells in adaptive immunity lead to?

Answer 27

Secretion of immunoglobulin (humoral)

Question 28

What does activation of T cells in adaptive immunity lead to?

Answer 28

T cells recognise antigenic determinants, or epitopes (cellular immunity)

Question 29

What are t cells activated by?

Answer 29

APC's

Question 30

How long does it take adaptive immunity to develop?

Answer 30

4-10 days

Question 31

What are the roles of the lymphatic system?

Answer 31

Transport clean fluid to blood, drain fluid from tissues, remove debris from cells, transport fat

Question 32

What is inflammation?

Answer 32

One of the first responses by immune system

Question 33

What does inflammation aim to do?

Answer 33

Get rid of the inciting cause of disease

Question 34

What are inciting causes?

Answer 34

Foreign agents such as microorganisms, dust, altered self cells, malignant/cancerous cells

Question 35

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 35

``` Rubor- redness Tumour- swelling Calor- heat Dolor- pain Functio laesa- loss of function ```

Question 36

What are the inflammatory events?

Answer 36

Initiation of reaction Progression Amplification Resolution or failure to resolve

Question 37

What is progression?

Answer 37

Containment of harmful agents

Question 38

What is amplification?

Answer 38

fine tuning the immune response

Question 39

What does resolution lead to?

Answer 39

Acute inflammation

Question 40

What happens if there is a failure to resolve?

Answer 40

Chronic inflammation