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BDS1 > Defence Cells > Flashcards

Defence Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic disease?

A

Chronic disease is caused by a malfunctioning immune system, defence cells might contribute to this malfunctioning

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2
Q

What is periodontal disease?

A

A chronic inflammatory disease

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3
Q

What is PD characterised by?

A

Inflammation of the gums, destruction of the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament

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4
Q

What is the initiating factor of PD?

A

Dental plaque

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5
Q

Does removal of plaque resolve PD?

A

No, as immune malfunction/dysregulation plays a role in PD too

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6
Q

What would be seen in a tissue cross section of an adult with PD?

A

Apical migration of epithelial tissue (towards tooth apex, tip of root), formation of a periodontal pocket (around tooth)

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7
Q

Why are cells recruited to epithelial tissues in PD?

A

In response to biofilm present on tooth surface

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8
Q

Where do majority of defence cells originate from?

A

Bone marrow

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9
Q

Where do blood cells originate from?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells

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10
Q

What do haematopoietic stem cells give rise to?

A

Lymphoid and myeloid

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11
Q

What are the myeloid cells?

A 
Macrophage
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
Mast cell
Dendritic cell (can also be lymphoid)
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12
Q

What are the lymphoid cells?

A

B cells
T cells
NKC (natural killer cells)

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13
Q

What category of WBC are neutrophils?

A

Granulocytes

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14
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Circulate in blood and move into tissue when needed
Bring about phagocytosis
Activate bactericidal mechanisms

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15
Q

What do neutrophils contain?

A

Granules which have degradative enzymes and antimicrobial substances

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16
Q

How are macrophages formed?

A

Monocytes circulate in blood are precursors

They migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages

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17
Q

What cells are early responders to infection or tissue damage?

A

Macrophages, mast cells

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18
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytosis
Activate bactericidal mechanisms
Antigen presentation

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19
Q

Which cells have a major role in immune responses?

A

Macrophages

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20
Q

What catagory of WBC are mast cells?

A

Granulocytes

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21
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Migrate from blood and differentiate in tissues

Protect against pathogens- particularly parasitic worms

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22
Q

How do mast cells function?

A

By releasing granules containing histamine and active agents

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23
Q

What immune reaction are mast cells involved in?

A

Allergy

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24
Q

What category of WBC are eosinophils?

A

Granulocytes

25
Q

What do eosinophils contain?

A

Granules containing degradative enzymes and antimicrobials

26
Q

What is the defensive role of eosinophils?

A

Defence against parasites, larger than neutrophils so can ingest larger threats

27
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Killing antibody coated parasites

28
Q

Are eosinophils involved in allergy?

A

Yes

29
Q

What category of WBC are basophils?

A

Granulocytes

30
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

To promote allergic responses

Augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity

31
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presentation

32
Q

What do dendritic cells form a bridge between?

A

Innate and adaptive immune responses

33
Q

How do dendritic cells appear?

A

As long, fingerlike processes

34
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Migrate from blood to tissue
Phagacytose organisms
Can ingest extracellular fluid- macropinocytosis
Degrade pathogens

35
Q

What is the major function of dendritic cells?

A

To present the antigen directly to T cells

36
Q

Where do t cells mature?

A

Thymus

37
Q

What do t cells give rise to?

A

Cellular immunity

38
Q

How do T cells recognise peptides presented by antigen presenting cells?

A

Through T cell receptor TCR

39
Q

What are the two types of T cell?

A

CD4+ or CD8+

40
Q

How are CD molecules named?

A

According to cluster differentiation (CD!!) glycoprotein on cell surface

41
Q

What are CD molecules involved in?

A

Antigen presentation

42
Q

What are MHC’s?

A

Major histocompatability complexes, class I or II. They are the ‘flag pole’ that attaches antigen to surface of cell for presentation, which is then recognised by various receptors on T or B cells.

43
Q

what do T cell CD8+ cells interact with?

A

MHC class I

44
Q

What do T cell CD4+ cells interact with?

A

MHC class II

45
Q

What are CD8+ cells?

A

Cytotoxic

Destroy infected self cells

46
Q

What are CD4+ cells?

A

Play a central role in immune protection

Numerous subsets which modulate immune response depending on pathogenic threat

47
Q

How do CD4+ cells come about?

A

Start life as naive T cell
3 signals for activation of T cells
3rd signal determines fate of naive T cell

48
Q

What are the CD4+ subsets?

A 
TH1
TH2
TH17
TFH
THreg
49
Q

What does TH1 do?

A

Supportes macrophages to destroy intracellular microbes

50
Q

What does TH2 do?

A

Produces cytokines which activate mast cells and eosinophils

Promote barrier immunity at mucosal surfaces

51
Q

What does TH17 do?

A

Secrete IL-17 family cytokines, specific role in supporting immune cell function

52
Q

What does TFH do?

A

Induce specific B cell response, antibody responses

53
Q

What does THreg do?

A

Switches T cell response off to prevent autoimmunity

54
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

In bone marrow

55
Q

What does diversity in B cell receptor mean?

A

That B cells can respond to numerous antigens

56
Q

What do B cells do?

A

When activated they turn into plasma cells, which are the cells that produce antibodies. So B cells produce antibodies

57
Q

What are T and B cells mainly involved in?

A

Adaptive immunity- memory and specificity

58
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Considered part of innate immunity

59
Q

What is natural killer cell function?

A

Involved in destruction of virus infected cells, can recognise and kill abnormal cells

BDS1 (3 decks)

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