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Innate immunity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the host response aimed at?

A

Eradicating the pathogen

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2
Q

What does the protection mechanism of the immune system do?

A

Decides what is host and what is foreign organism
Decides what organisms are commensal and pathogenic
Decides what type of pathogen is causing danger and elicits immune response accordingly

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3
Q

What do many pathogens arise from?

A

A deleterious (to cause harm) immune response

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4
Q

What does the humoral component of the immune response involve?

A

Macromolecules, e.g., antibodies

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5
Q

What is the time frame of immediate innate immunity?

A

0-4 hours

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6
Q

What are the stages of immediate innate immunity?

A

Infection
Recognition by performed, non specific and broadly specific effectors
Removal of infectious agent

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7
Q

What is the time frame of early induced innate response?

A

4-96 hours

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8
Q

What are the stages of early induced innate response?

A

Infection
Recruitment of effector cells
Recognition of PAMPS (pathogen associated molecular patterns)
Removal of infectious agent

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9
Q

What is the time frame of the adaptive immune response?

A

More than 96 hours

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10
Q

What are the stages of the adaptive immune response?

A 
Infection 
Transport of antigen to lymphoid organs 
Recognition by naive B and T cells 
Clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells 
Removal of infectious agent
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11
Q

What sort of immune response do commensals elicit?

A

Low level- if any

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12
Q

What are the 5 groups of disease causing agent?

A 
Bacteria 
Viruses 
Fungi
Protozoa 
Helminths
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13
Q

What do disease symptoms depend on?

A

Where the pathogen replicates and the damage it causes

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14
Q

What do epithelial/endothelial cells and fibroblasts contribute to?

A

Innate immune response

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15
Q

What is innate immunity involved in?

A

The recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection

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16
Q

What does innate immunity rely on?

A

A limited number of gremlin encoded receptors to recognise ‘non self’

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17
Q

What sort of protection is epithelium?

A

An intrinsic, physical barrier

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18
Q

How are epithelial cells arranged?

A

Tightly packed cells joined by tight junctions

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19
Q

What prevents attachments of microorgnisms to epithelium?

A

Airflow.
In skin and gut, longitudinal flow of air
In lungs, movement of mucous by cilia

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20
Q

How do epithelial cells in various locations offer chemical protection?

A

Fatty acids in skin
Gut- low pH for pepsin
Skin, gut, lungs- antibacterial peptides
Eyes, nose- salivary enzymes (LYSOZYME)

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21
Q

What antimicrobials does saliva contain?

A

Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
Antimicrobial peptides
Immunoglobins (secretory IgA)

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22
Q

What does lactoferrin do?

A

Lactoferrin transfers iron to cells and controls levels of iron in blood and secretions. Bacteria need iron but lactoferrin removes it from them

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23
Q

How does lactoferrin effect bacterial pathogens?

A

It binds to the bacterial lipopolysaccharide and destabilises the bacterial membrane. It therefore disrupts the bilayer and creates osmotic stress.

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24
Q

How does lysozyme effect bacteria?

A

It cleaves the peptidoglycan, so breaks bacteria cell wall

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25
Where is lysozyme found?
In tears, saliva, nasal secretions
26
What happens when lactoferrin and lysozyme work together?
It gives lysozyme better access to peptidoglycan layer
27
What size are antimicrobial peptides?
Very small
28
What parts do antimicrobial peptides have?
They are cationic and amphipathic , which means they have hydrophillic and lipophillic parts
29
What do antimicrobial peptides form?
They form pores, so can attach and disrupt membranes
30
At what concentration are antimicrobial peptides most effective?
In low concentrations
31
What are the major antimicrobial peptides found in the mouth?
B- defensins Numan neutrophil peptides (HNP) Cathelicidins Psoriosin proteins (S100 family)
32
What is IgA?
An antibody but has a different role to normal antibodies as it does not require interaction between T and B cells
33
Where is IgA produced and found in high levels?
It is produced at mucosal surfaces, and is found in high levels in secretions
34
What can IgA bind to?
To antigens To flagella to prevent motility To bacterial toxins to neutralise them
35
What do cross links of IgA target and what does this do?
Targets macromolecules and bacteria, therefore trapping them and preventing effects on mucosa
36
How does IgA prevent attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces?
Directly- by binding to specific adhesion molecules | Indirectly- due to negative charge and hydrophillic amino acids creating a 'hydrophillic shell'
37
Where is secretory IgA produced?
At mucosal surfaces
38
What does the interaction between microbes and receptors initiate?
Innate immune responses
39
What are the receptors called and where are they present?
They are called pattern recognition receptors (PRR's) and are present on immune cells and epithelial cells
40
What receptors (PRR's) can bacteria bind with?
Toll-like receptors (TLR's) NOD-like receptors fMLP Scavenger receptors
41
What receptors (PRR's) do viruses bind with?
Toll-like receptors (TLR's)
42
What receptors (PRR's) do fungal pathogens bind with?
Dectin and glucan receptors
43
What can interactions between microbes and receptors (PRR's) do?
Activate the expression of genes that promote innate immune responses Aid internalisation of bacteria Promote phagocytosis of bacteria Promote activation of immune cells
44
How many toll-like receptors have been identified in humans?
TCR's are PRR's, 10 identified in humans
45
How do toll-like receptors work?
They recognise constituents of microbial cell walls or pathogen-specific nucleic acids that are essential to the integrity, function or replication of microbes/viruses that cannot be readily modified
46
What are PAMP's??
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP's) are molecules associated with pathogens. PAMP's bind to, and are recognised by toll-like receptors and pattern recognition receptors
47
What do PAMP's activate?
PAMP's activate innate immune responses by identifying some conserved non-self molecules. They contain features that body cells don't have, such as lipopolysaccharide
48
Which TLR's are found within the cell?
3,7 and 9
49
What does virus activation of TLR's induce?
Can induce changes in gene expression, translation and transcription, which can activate molecules such as protein kinases
50
What are c-type lectin receptors essential for?
Anti-fungal immunity
51
What do c-type lectin receptors recognise?
Carbohydrates in fungal cell wall
52
What are the c-type lectin receptors?
Dectin 1&2 Mannose receptor DG-SIGN Mincle
53
What does activation of CLR's (c-type lectin receptors) induce?
Changes in gene expression
54
What cells express PRR's??
``` Epithelial cells (keratinocytes/fibroblasts) All immune cells ```
55
What does signalling of PRR's activate?
Activates immune cells directly, promotes functions e.g., phagocytosis
56
What does signalling of PRR's induce cells to express?
Cytokines Interferones Chemokines Antimicrobial peptides
57
What are cytokines?
Small proteins, signalling molecules which coordinate immune responses
58
In what manner can cytokines act?
Autocrine- alter behaviour of cell from which they are secreted Paracrine- alter behaviour of neighbouring cells Endocrine- enter circulation and alter behaviour of distant cells
59
What are interferons?
A type of cytokine, important in anti-viral immunity
60
What do interferons do?
They stop viral replication, and promote immune response against virus infected cells
61
How do interferons stop viral infection?
They switch on expression of proteins in cells which inhibit replication
62
How do interferons promote immune response against virus infected cells?
``` They activate NK cells to kill the virus infected cells They increase synthesis and surface expression of MHC class 1, which targets infected cells for destruction by CD8 cytotoxic T cells ```
63
What are chemokines?
Small signalling proteins, chemotactic cytokines
64
Why are chemokines produced?
Due to TLR and NF-kB activation
65
What do chemokines do?
Mainly involved in recruitment of immune cells to site of inflammation
66
How are chemokines grouped?
Grouped into 4 classes, depending on spacing of their first 2 cysteine residues
67
What is the concentration of chemokines like?
In highest conc. towards threat. Immune cells follow the trail of the chemokine gradient
68
What are the 4 classes of chemokine and how many members does each have?
C chemokines- 2 CC chemokines- 31 CXC chemokines- 18 CX3C chemokines- 1
69
What do cytokines and chemokines dictate?
They dictate and shape immune response
70
How is the immune system balanced?
When there is threat- pro inflammatory molecules are produced When threat is cleared- anti inflammatory molecules are produced to reduce the immune response

BDS1 (3 decks)

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