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pathology > Intro to Path > Flashcards

Intro to Path Flashcards

1
Q

Pathophysiology is

A

distruption of normal body function due to disease or physiology

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2
Q

pathology

A

structutal or morphological abnormalities expressed as disease in cell, tissue, organ, whole

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3
Q

Disease is

A

impairment of cells, tissues, organ, whole to altered function that does not allow homeostasis

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4
Q

homeostasis is

A

dynamic steady state marked by regulation responces

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5
Q

Various types of Etiologies of pathology

A

Idiopathic, iatropic, congenital, nosocomial, genetic,

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6
Q

acute disease

A

severe disorder quick onset, usually self limiting

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7
Q

Chronic disease

A

long-term process exacerbation & remission, usually not curable

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8
Q

Subacute disease

A

between acute and chronic

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9
Q

Carrier state

A

no signs or symptoms, can transmit disease (typhoid mary)

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10
Q

Disease vs Syndrome

A

Disease: impairment due to altered body func, challenge to maintain homeostasis.
Syndrome: group of clinical symptoms & physical features that characterize a disorder

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11
Q

Examples of Syndromes

A 
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Cushing (increased ACTH)
Fetal alcohol (ethanol preg)
Turners (XO)
Klinefelter's XXY
Toxic Shock (S. aureus)
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12
Q

Down’s Syndrome Characteristics

A

Mental retardation, cloverleave face, epicathal fold, white spots in eyes, slanted eyes, Large tongue, congenital heart disease, Simian creasem shorter 5th finger, wide gap btw 1 & 2 toes

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13
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Female balding, Irreg Menses, Hirsutism

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14
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

epicanthal folds, flat nose, railroad track ears, thin upper lip, uptured nose

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15
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

short, Webbed neck, Heart shapped face, coartation of aorta, broad chest

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16
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Gynecomastia, female-like hips, no facial hair, testicular atrophy

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17
Q

Toxic shock syndrome

A

tampon use, IV drug use

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18
Q

Cell Adaptation definition

A

Prolonged exposure to exaggerated stim evokes cell, tissue, organ change. If stim stops, cells may revert

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19
Q

what are the 6 cell adaptations

A

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia

20
Q

Atrophy Physiologic vs Pathologic examples

A

Decrease cell, tissue, organ size. Physiologic: Thymus, Ovaries, uterus, breasts after menopause, bones. Pathologic Ischemic organs kidneys due to atherosclerosis, testicular size, Alzheimers

21
Q

Hypertrophy. Physiological & Pathological example

A

increase in tissue size from individual cell enlargement.
Physiological: Skeletal muscle enlargement.
Pathological: Heart (LV: afterload compensate) HTN

22
Q

Hyperplasia definition and examples

A

Adaptive increase in number of cells to enlarge tissue. endometrial hyperplasia from E2. Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

23
Q

Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia example

A

Uterine muscles during pregnancy.

HPB (hyperplastic prostate benign)

24
Q

Metaplasia definition and example

A

Squamous metaplasia of bronchial epithelium from smoking. Gastric metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett Esophagus. Reversible but can progress to dysplasia.

25
Q

1 bronchogenic cancer.

A

squamous cell carcinoma

26
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus definition, risk factors.

A

Gastric acids change stratified squamous cells to hardy epithelium of stomach. Smoking, drinking, spicy foods.

27
Q

Dysplasia definition & example

A

Disordered growth of tissues = chronic irritation or infection. Precancer. Cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN) from PAP smear

28
Q

CIN levels

A

CIN 1 = mild dysplasia
CIN 2 = moderate dysplasia; get tissue biopsy.
CIN 3 = Severe dysplasia: Biopsy

29
Q

Anaplasia, names, example

A

Undifferentiated & uncontrolled growths. HALLMARK OF CANCER. Neoplasm, carcinoma, cancer, Malignancy.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma from cervix or lungs. Malignant Melanoma. Renal Cell Cancinoma.

30
Q

What are the microscopic hallmarks of Anaplasia

A

1) cell and nucli have different pleomorphism (size and shape).
2) Nucli are irregular and hyperchromatic (Purple).
3) Extremely high nuclear: cytoplasm ratio (N/C ratio) = 1:1 vs 1:6 (normal)
4) Larger nucleoli within nucleus
5) Alot of mitotic figures (proteins present).

31
Q

Pleomorphism is of Hallmark of

A

Cancer

32
Q

Cellular necrosis definition . Difference between necrosis and autolysis?

A

Death of cells in living organism.
Necrosis is seen in living tissue (inflammation).
Autolysis seen after death.

33
Q

4 types of necrosis

A

1) Coagulative: solid organs
2) Liquification: Brain.
3) Caseous: TB
4) Fat: Pancreatic, soaponification

34
Q

Coagulative necrosis and exampls

A

most common forms (firm). Only solid organs, Heart, Kidney, Spleen, Liver due to anoxia (MI)

35
Q

Neutrophils

A

Hall mark of acute inflammation.

36
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis and examples

A

dead cells liquify into gel-like. Brain infarcts lead to fluid filled cavity = stroke. See Neutrophils

37
Q

Caseous Necrosis and example

A

Coagulative cheese, TM in lungs, brain. Histoplasmosis and fungal infections.

38
Q

Fat necrosis and example

A

lipolytic enzymes cause liquefication. Only fat tissue like pancrease.

39
Q

Fat necrosis mechanism

A

degrade fat to glycerol and FFA. FFA bind with calcium to make soaps

40
Q

Gangrene wet and dry

A

Bacteria infect necrotic tissue leads to coagulation and liquefied inflammation (adv decubitous ulcers). Dry = if necrosis dries out and becomes Mummy Black.

41
Q

Conditions that lead to Gangrene

A

Infections after infartion in intestines or limbs due to atherosclerosis or diabetes.

42
Q

Dystrophic Calcifications

A

Necrotic tissue attracts Calcium = calcification.

Macroscopic calcium deposits in dead tissue.

43
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

1) calcification atherosclerotic coronary arteries
2) calcification of Mitral or Aortic valves (Stenosis)
3) calcification breast cancers - mammography
4) Infant periventricular (brain) calcification seen in Toxoplamosis

44
Q

Metastatic Calcifications and examples

A

Reflects deranged calcium metabolism (Not Cell Injury) - Increased Serum Calcium.
Hyperparathyroidism (PTH), Vit D toxicity, Chronic Renal failure, Calcium stones in gallbladder, kidney, bladder.

45
Q

calcium stones are called

A

calcium oxalate

pathology (5 decks)

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