Intro to Path

Question 1

Pathophysiology is

Answer 1

distruption of normal body function due to disease or physiology

Question 2

pathology

Answer 2

structutal or morphological abnormalities expressed as disease in cell, tissue, organ, whole

Question 3

Disease is

Answer 3

impairment of cells, tissues, organ, whole to altered function that does not allow homeostasis

Question 4

homeostasis is

Answer 4

dynamic steady state marked by regulation responces

Question 5

Various types of Etiologies of pathology

Answer 5

Idiopathic, iatropic, congenital, nosocomial, genetic,

Question 6

acute disease

Answer 6

severe disorder quick onset, usually self limiting

Question 7

Chronic disease

Answer 7

long-term process exacerbation & remission, usually not curable

Question 8

Subacute disease

Answer 8

between acute and chronic

Question 9

Carrier state

Answer 9

no signs or symptoms, can transmit disease (typhoid mary)

Question 10

Disease vs Syndrome

Answer 10

Disease: impairment due to altered body func, challenge to maintain homeostasis.
Syndrome: group of clinical symptoms & physical features that characterize a disorder

Question 11

Examples of Syndromes

Answer 11

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Cushing (increased ACTH)
Fetal alcohol (ethanol preg)
Turners (XO)
Klinefelter's XXY
Toxic Shock (S. aureus)

Question 12

Down’s Syndrome Characteristics

Answer 12

Mental retardation, cloverleave face, epicathal fold, white spots in eyes, slanted eyes, Large tongue, congenital heart disease, Simian creasem shorter 5th finger, wide gap btw 1 & 2 toes

Question 13

Cushing’s Syndrome

Answer 13

Female balding, Irreg Menses, Hirsutism

Question 14

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 14

epicanthal folds, flat nose, railroad track ears, thin upper lip, uptured nose

Question 15

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 15

short, Webbed neck, Heart shapped face, coartation of aorta, broad chest

Question 16

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 16

Gynecomastia, female-like hips, no facial hair, testicular atrophy

Question 17

Toxic shock syndrome

Answer 17

tampon use, IV drug use

Question 18

Cell Adaptation definition

Answer 18

Prolonged exposure to exaggerated stim evokes cell, tissue, organ change. If stim stops, cells may revert

Question 19

what are the 6 cell adaptations

Answer 19

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia

Question 20

Atrophy Physiologic vs Pathologic examples

Answer 20

Decrease cell, tissue, organ size. Physiologic: Thymus, Ovaries, uterus, breasts after menopause, bones. Pathologic Ischemic organs kidneys due to atherosclerosis, testicular size, Alzheimers

Question 21

Hypertrophy. Physiological & Pathological example

Answer 21

increase in tissue size from individual cell enlargement.
Physiological: Skeletal muscle enlargement.
Pathological: Heart (LV: afterload compensate) HTN

Question 22

Hyperplasia definition and examples

Answer 22

Adaptive increase in number of cells to enlarge tissue. endometrial hyperplasia from E2. Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

Question 23

Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia example

Answer 23

Uterine muscles during pregnancy.

HPB (hyperplastic prostate benign)

Question 24

Metaplasia definition and example

Answer 24

Squamous metaplasia of bronchial epithelium from smoking. Gastric metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett Esophagus. Reversible but can progress to dysplasia.

Question 25

#1 bronchogenic cancer.

Answer 25

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 26

Barrett’s Esophagus definition, risk factors.

Answer 26

Gastric acids change stratified squamous cells to hardy epithelium of stomach. Smoking, drinking, spicy foods.

Question 27

Dysplasia definition & example

Answer 27

Disordered growth of tissues = chronic irritation or infection. Precancer. Cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN) from PAP smear

Question 28

CIN levels

Answer 28

CIN 1 = mild dysplasia CIN 2 = moderate dysplasia; get tissue biopsy. CIN 3 = Severe dysplasia: Biopsy

Question 29

Anaplasia, names, example

Answer 29

Undifferentiated & uncontrolled growths. HALLMARK OF CANCER. Neoplasm, carcinoma, cancer, Malignancy. Squamous Cell Carcinoma from cervix or lungs. Malignant Melanoma. Renal Cell Cancinoma.

Question 30

What are the microscopic hallmarks of Anaplasia

Answer 30

1) cell and nucli have different pleomorphism (size and shape). 2) Nucli are irregular and hyperchromatic (Purple). 3) Extremely high nuclear: cytoplasm ratio (N/C ratio) = 1:1 vs 1:6 (normal) 4) Larger nucleoli within nucleus 5) Alot of mitotic figures (proteins present).

Question 31

Pleomorphism is of Hallmark of

Answer 31

Cancer

Question 32

Cellular necrosis definition . Difference between necrosis and autolysis?

Answer 32

Death of cells in living organism. Necrosis is seen in living tissue (inflammation). Autolysis seen after death.

Question 33

4 types of necrosis

Answer 33

1) Coagulative: solid organs 2) Liquification: Brain. 3) Caseous: TB 4) Fat: Pancreatic, soaponification

Question 34

Coagulative necrosis and exampls

Answer 34

most common forms (firm). Only solid organs, Heart, Kidney, Spleen, Liver due to anoxia (MI)

Question 35

Neutrophils

Answer 35

Hall mark of acute inflammation.

Question 36

Liquefactive Necrosis and examples

Answer 36

dead cells liquify into gel-like. Brain infarcts lead to fluid filled cavity = stroke. See Neutrophils

Question 37

Caseous Necrosis and example

Answer 37

Coagulative cheese, TM in lungs, brain. Histoplasmosis and fungal infections.

Question 38

Fat necrosis and example

Answer 38

lipolytic enzymes cause liquefication. Only fat tissue like pancrease.

Question 39

Fat necrosis mechanism

Answer 39

degrade fat to glycerol and FFA. FFA bind with calcium to make soaps

Question 40

Gangrene wet and dry

Answer 40

Bacteria infect necrotic tissue leads to coagulation and liquefied inflammation (adv decubitous ulcers). Dry = if necrosis dries out and becomes Mummy Black.

Question 41

Conditions that lead to Gangrene

Answer 41

Infections after infartion in intestines or limbs due to atherosclerosis or diabetes.

Question 42

Dystrophic Calcifications

Answer 42

Necrotic tissue attracts Calcium = calcification. | Macroscopic calcium deposits in dead tissue.

Question 43

Dystrophic calcification

Answer 43

1) calcification atherosclerotic coronary arteries 2) calcification of Mitral or Aortic valves (Stenosis) 3) calcification breast cancers - mammography 4) Infant periventricular (brain) calcification seen in Toxoplamosis

Question 44

Metastatic Calcifications and examples

Answer 44

Reflects deranged calcium metabolism (Not Cell Injury) - Increased Serum Calcium. Hyperparathyroidism (PTH), Vit D toxicity, Chronic Renal failure, Calcium stones in gallbladder, kidney, bladder.

Question 45

calcium stones are called

Answer 45

calcium oxalate