Intro to Para-fucking-sites

Question 1

What do many parasites require to complete their life-cycles?

Answer 1

require both human and non-human hosts to complete their life-cycles
Humans can be dead-end-hosts for some of them?
Infect humans, but humans are not part of their normal life-cycle.

Question 2

What are the two types of parasites?

Answer 2

Protozoa & Helminths

Question 3

Tell me about Protozoa -_-

Answer 3

Unicellular eukaryotes
May be intracellular (RBC or macrophage) –> cannot withstand dry environments

or Extracellular (In lumen or GI tract)

edit this

Question 4

flagellated protozoa is called ________

Answer 4

Mastigophora

Question 5

(protozoa category) ________create sporozoites following sexual reproduction

Answer 5

Apicomplexia

Question 6

__________ water infected with dairy manure in Milwaukee

Answer 6

Cryptosporidium

Question 7

Multicellular worms

Answer 7

Helminths

Question 8

Intermediate hosts of Helminths have?

Answer 8

Larvae

Question 9

Flatworms

Answer 9

thin and segmented

Question 10

Flatworms:

1. tapeworms
2. flukes

Answer 10

Cestodes

Trematodes

Question 11

Babesia

Answer 11

Bambi

Spread by deer ticks (same as lyme disease)

Question 12

Toxoplasma Gondii:

Answer 12

1. survive in macrophages (intracellular)
   - In undercooked meat or food contaminated with cat feces
2. Toxo must reproduce in the gut of cats
   - May be linked to schizophrenia (affects amygdala, confuses fear with sexual arousal)
   - Can cause miscarriages

Question 13

Leishmania

Answer 13

Transmitted by sandflies

a. Binds to macrophages converts to amastigote (resistant to lysosomes)
b. Is uncontrollable in middle east because of political upheaval, infrastructure, and poor sanitation

Question 14

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Answer 14

i. Chagas’ Disease
ii. Transmitted by “kissing bug”
iii. Usually mild illness, complications begin 10-20 years later with nerve/heart damage

Question 15

Trypanosoma Brucei

Answer 15

i. African Sleeping Sickness
ii. Tsetse flies (not in united states)
iii. Fever, swollen lymph nodes, months/years later CNS infection

Question 16

Giardia Lamblia

Answer 16

i. Ingest contaminated water
ii. Resistant to chlorine and activated by stomach acid
iii. Diarrhea

Question 17

Entamoeba Histolytica

Answer 17

i. Common in developing countries

ii. Destruction of host colon bloody diarrhea

Question 18

Cryptospordium

Answer 18

i. Common in rural area
ii. Stay within microvilli
iii. Resistant to chlorine
iv. Milwaukee outbreak

Question 19

Trichomonas Vaginalis

Answer 19

i. Can be transmitted by sexual contact

Question 20

Trichomonas Tenax

Answer 20

Can be found in the mouth

Question 21

Pinworms:

Answer 21

Common in temperate/tropical areas
ii. Humans ingest microscopic eggs eggs hatch in intestine pinworms mate females migrate out of the anus scratching of anus spread the eggs

Question 22

Hookworms

Answer 22

i. Soil contaminated with cat/dog feces
ii. Don’t need to be ingested, have a cutaneous route
iii. Asthma/allergic reactions is less likely in people infected with hookworms
iv. Have teeth that hang on to intestinal mucosa

Question 23

Tapeworms

Answer 23

i. long ribbon-like segmented worms.
ii. Attach to intestinal wall with a head
iii. Acquired by eating undercooked meat/fish

Question 24

Trichinella Spiralis (what has a spiral like tail?)

Answer 24

pig

i. Ingested in undercooked pork
ii. Larva hatch and cross mucosa into lymphatics
iii. Cause diarrhea and pain
iv. Cysts calcify, but the worms can remain viable for up to 30 years

Question 25

Schistosomes (blood flukes)

Answer 25

i. Has a unique geographic distribution dependent on a snail host
ii. Burrows through skin
iii. Induce granulomas

Question 26

Filariasis

Answer 26

i. River blindness, elephantitis

ii. Live in subcutaneous tissues.