Inflammation and Cell trafficking Flashcards
What is Inflammation?
A non-specific response to infection or injury that is characterized by enhanced accumulation of immune cells and plasma proteins.
The 5 Hallmarks of Inflammation?
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
What 3 things get stimulated during inflammation?
- Vasodilation
- Increased permeability of blood vessels
- Pain receptors
What kind of immunity is related to Acute inflammation
Innate immunity
What kind of immunity is related to Chronic inflammation?
Innate & adaptive immunity
Acute inflammation: Summarize the process
- stimulus –> Immune cells are recruited and clear the infection.. the stimulus is removed and healing begins.
Chronic inflammation: Summarize the process
PERSISTENT stimulus –>
immune cells are recruited and try to clear the stimulus but it persists, leading to more immune recruitment and increased inflammation –>
cycle repeats/increased severity of disease
What are the 3 causes of chronic inflammation?
Persistent infection
Immune-mediated inflammatory disease
Toxic agents
Which cells are involved in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils, Monocytes/Macrophages, Mast cells, sometimes Eosinophils and Basophils
Which cells are involved in Chronic inflammation?
monocytes/macrophages, T-cells, Sometimes Neutrophils
What role do Pro-inflammatory Cytokines play & what are they?
They are inflammatory mediators
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α
Interleukin (IL)-1β
IL-6
What Inflammatory mediators are involved in vasodilation?
Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes
Histamine is released by ______
Mast cells
- Is prostaglandin an inflammatory mediator?
2. what are Prostoglandins derived from?
- Yes
2. cell membrane phospholipids
Prostaglandins work in concert with histamine and bradykinin to accomplish the following:
- Causes constriction (PGE2) or dilation of blood vessels (PGF2a)
- Involved in the production or inhibition of clots
- Act on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus (PGE1)
- PGE2 is involved in redness, edema, and pain
PGE 2
causes constriction
involved in redness, edema, and pain
PGF2a
Dilation of blood vessels
PGE1
Act on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus
Compliment proteins
C5a
C3a
___ is involved in monocyte/neutrophil recruitment
C5a
Compliment protein:
____ and____can trigger mast cell degranulation
C3a
C5a
As the inflammatory stimulus diminishes there are reductions of _______, ________, etc. and the tissue can return to homeostasis.
inflammatory mediators
immune cell recruitment
Cytokines involved in turning off inflammation:
IL-10
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β
How to stop Acute inflammation:
The best way is to allow the body to heal.
Ice and elevation for swelling, Abx for infection, NSAIDs can also help.
How to stop Chronic inflammation:
Glucocorticoid steroids
immunosuppressant
anti-leukotrienes
biologics
Acute inflammation specific or none specific
none specific
Chronic inflammation specific or none specific
Specfic
outcomes of Chronic inflammation
Tissue destruction, fibrosis, necrosis
outcomes of acute inflammation
Resolution, scar formation, possible lead in to chronic inflammation
EDIT THIS: How do leukocytes get to infection sites?
4 steps: Rolling integrin activation by chemokines Stable adhesion Migration (diapedesis) through endothelium
Migration/Recruitment
the general process of leukocyte movement from blood to tissue
Selectins
Low-affinity adhesion molecules involved in the early stages of leukocyte capture
Integrins
Adhesion molecules involved in later stages of leukocyte migration, can be low- or high-affinity
Chemokines
Chemotactic cytokine.
Named/classified based on the location of the N-terminal cysteine residues, C, C-C, CXC, CX3C
The goal of selectin-mediated interactions is to
slow the leukocyte down for the next step
Selectins recognize ______
sialylated carbohydrates
______ are stored in cytoplasmic granules so they can be expressed almost immediately
P-selectins
(Second Step: Integrin Activation)
Chemokines produced by______ or nearby _____act on the rolling _____
tissue immune cells
epithelial cells
leukocyte
(Second Step: Integrin Activation)
Chemokine interaction with its _____receptor changes _____ from low to high
chemokine
integrin affinity
Chemokines Can be produced by ____, ____,____.
leukocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts
(Step 3: Adherence)
______ bind to their ligands on the endothelial cell
High-affinity integrins
(Step 4: Migration (Diapedesis)
How does the leukocyte move from the blood into the tissue?
It rearranges its cytoskeleton so it can get through the endothelium (tight junctions that hold the endothelial cells must loosen for this to occur)
