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Micro Exam II (2017) > Inflammation and Cell trafficking > Flashcards

Inflammation and Cell trafficking Flashcards

1
Q

What is Inflammation?

A

A non-specific response to infection or injury that is characterized by enhanced accumulation of immune cells and plasma proteins.

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2
Q

The 5 Hallmarks of Inflammation?

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
  5. Loss of function
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3
Q

What 3 things get stimulated during inflammation?

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increased permeability of blood vessels
  3. Pain receptors
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4
Q

What kind of immunity is related to Acute inflammation

A

Innate immunity

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5
Q

What kind of immunity is related to Chronic inflammation?

A

Innate & adaptive immunity

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6
Q

Acute inflammation: Summarize the process

A
  • stimulus –> Immune cells are recruited and clear the infection.. the stimulus is removed and healing begins.
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7
Q

Chronic inflammation: Summarize the process

A

PERSISTENT stimulus –>
immune cells are recruited and try to clear the stimulus but it persists, leading to more immune recruitment and increased inflammation –>
cycle repeats/increased severity of disease

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8
Q

What are the 3 causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent infection
Immune-mediated inflammatory disease
Toxic agents

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9
Q

Which cells are involved in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils, Monocytes/Macrophages, Mast cells, sometimes Eosinophils and Basophils

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10
Q

Which cells are involved in Chronic inflammation?

A

monocytes/macrophages, T-cells, Sometimes Neutrophils

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11
Q

What role do Pro-inflammatory Cytokines play & what are they?

A

They are inflammatory mediators
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α
Interleukin (IL)-1β
IL-6

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12
Q

What Inflammatory mediators are involved in vasodilation?

A

Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes

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13
Q

Histamine is released by ______

A

Mast cells

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14
Q
  1. Is prostaglandin an inflammatory mediator?

2. what are Prostoglandins derived from?

A
  1. Yes

2. cell membrane phospholipids

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15
Q

Prostaglandins work in concert with histamine and bradykinin to accomplish the following:

A
  1. Causes constriction (PGE2) or dilation of blood vessels (PGF2a)
  2. Involved in the production or inhibition of clots
  3. Act on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus (PGE1)
  4. PGE2 is involved in redness, edema, and pain
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16
Q

PGE 2

A

causes constriction

involved in redness, edema, and pain

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17
Q

PGF2a

A

Dilation of blood vessels

18
Q

PGE1

A

Act on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus

19
Q

Compliment proteins

A

C5a

C3a

20
Q

___ is involved in monocyte/neutrophil recruitment

A

C5a

21
Q

Compliment protein:

____ and____can trigger mast cell degranulation

A

C3a

C5a

22
Q

As the inflammatory stimulus diminishes there are reductions of _______, ________, etc. and the tissue can return to homeostasis.

A

inflammatory mediators

immune cell recruitment

23
Q

Cytokines involved in turning off inflammation:

A

IL-10

Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β

24
Q

How to stop Acute inflammation:

A

The best way is to allow the body to heal.

Ice and elevation for swelling, Abx for infection, NSAIDs can also help.

25
Q

How to stop Chronic inflammation:

A

Glucocorticoid steroids
immunosuppressant
anti-leukotrienes
biologics

26
Q

Acute inflammation specific or none specific

A

none specific

27
Q

Chronic inflammation specific or none specific

A

Specfic

28
Q

outcomes of Chronic inflammation

A

Tissue destruction, fibrosis, necrosis

29
Q

outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Resolution, scar formation, possible lead in to chronic inflammation

30
Q

EDIT THIS: How do leukocytes get to infection sites?

A 
4 steps: 
Rolling
integrin activation by chemokines
Stable adhesion 
Migration (diapedesis)  through endothelium
31
Q

Migration/Recruitment

A

the general process of leukocyte movement from blood to tissue

32
Q

Selectins

A

Low-affinity adhesion molecules involved in the early stages of leukocyte capture

33
Q

Integrins

A

Adhesion molecules involved in later stages of leukocyte migration, can be low- or high-affinity

34
Q

Chemokines

A

Chemotactic cytokine.

Named/classified based on the location of the N-terminal cysteine residues, C, C-C, CXC, CX3C

35
Q

The goal of selectin-mediated interactions is to

A

slow the leukocyte down for the next step

36
Q

Selectins recognize ______

A

sialylated carbohydrates

37
Q

______ are stored in cytoplasmic granules so they can be expressed almost immediately

A

P-selectins

38
Q

(Second Step: Integrin Activation)

Chemokines produced by______ or nearby _____act on the rolling _____

A

tissue immune cells
epithelial cells
leukocyte

39
Q

(Second Step: Integrin Activation)

Chemokine interaction with its _____receptor changes _____ from low to high

A

chemokine

integrin affinity

40
Q

Chemokines Can be produced by ____, ____,____.

A

leukocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts

41
Q

(Step 3: Adherence)

______ bind to their ligands on the endothelial cell

A

High-affinity integrins

42
Q

(Step 4: Migration (Diapedesis)

How does the leukocyte move from the blood into the tissue?

A

It rearranges its cytoskeleton so it can get through the endothelium (tight junctions that hold the endothelial cells must loosen for this to occur)

Micro Exam II (2017) (5 decks)

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