Intro to Pain Management Flashcards

1
Q

negative consequences of pain

A
  • hyperalgesia
  • sympathetic stimulation
  • decreased appetite
  • increased anesthetic drug requirements
  • serious behavioral, nuerohumoral, metabolic and immunological effects
  • unseen changes to CNS
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2
Q

definition of pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience with actual or potential tissue damage

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3
Q

how is pain perceived

A
  • throughout CNS, primary afferent nerve fibers provide info to the higher centers of the brain
  • most animals have sensory afferent nerve fibers that respond to noxious stimuli
  • protective means for reflexive withdrawal to noxious stimuli
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4
Q

adaptive pain-inflammatory

A

spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity to pain in response to tissue damage and inflammation

occurs with tissue trauma, injury, surgery

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5
Q

adaptive pain-nociceptive

A

transient pain in response to noxious stimulus

small aches and pains that are relatively innocuous and that protect the body from the environment

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6
Q

allodynia

A
  • pain caused by a stimulus that does not normally result in pain
  • manifestation of peripheral nerve and tissue injury that induces changes in CNS
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7
Q

analgesia

A

absence of pain in response to stimulation that would normally be painful

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8
Q

anesthesia

A

medically induced insensitivity to pain

the procedure may render the patient unconscious (general anesthesia) or consist of local anesthesia

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9
Q

dysphoria

A

a state of anxiety or restlessness, often accompanied by vocalization

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10
Q

hyperalgesia

A
  • an increased response to a stimulus that is normally painful and reduced threshold for pain
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11
Q

maladaptive pain-neuropathic

A

spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity to pain in association with damage to or a lesion of the nervous system

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12
Q

maladaptive pain-central neuropathic pain

A

pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the CNS

“central pain”

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13
Q

multimodal analgesia

A

use of more than one drug with different actions to produce optimal analgesia

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14
Q

peripheral neuropathic pain

A

pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the peripheral nervous system

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15
Q

preemptive analgesia

A

administration of an analgesic before painful stimulation

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16
Q

wind-up pain

A
  • perceived increase in pain intensity over time when a painful stimulus is repeatedly delivered above a critical rate
  • frequency dependent increase in excitability of spinal cord neurons (afferent C fibers) - central sensitization
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17
Q

nociception

A
  • process of detection of potentially or actually damaging stimuli and the transmission of that information to the brain
  • includes five processes:
    • transduction, transmission, modulation, projection, perception
18
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of noxious stimuli to an AP at the level of the nociceptors

19
Q

transmission

A

the propagation of APs by primary afferent neurons to the spinal cord

20
Q

modulation

A

process by which nociceptive info is augmented or inhibited

21
Q

projection

A

delivery of nociceptive information from the spinal cord to the brain

22
Q

perception

A

integration of the nociceptive information by the brain

overall conscious emotional experience of pain

23
Q

nociceptors

A

unspecialized nerve cell endings that initiate the sensation of pain, sense and transduce electrical signals at the site of tissue disruption

24
Q

nociceptive afferents

A
  • transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord via primary sensory A-beta, A-gamma and c nerve fibers
  • respond to heat, cold, mechanical and chemical stimuli
25
peripheral sensitization
**localized inflammation** at site of tissue injury, in **peripheral tissues**, causes **hyperexcitability** of nociceptors due to a reduction in threshold and an increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli
26
chronic pain
pain which **lasts beyond the expected time** period of healing
27
acute pain
usually **temporary** and has a **specific causes** such as surgery, injury or infection
28
painful chemical/physical stimuli to APs
* **sensory pain receptors** located on **peripheral ends** of sensory nerve fibers **convert painful chemical or physical stimuli in APs** * these APs cause **gated ion channels to open** causing an **influx of Na or Ca ions to diffuse** **across a diffusion gradient** leading to **depolarization** of cell membrane and an AP * pain receptors **respond to stimuli** that have the **potential to cause cell damage**
29
release of inflammatory mediators leads to peripheral sensitization by three main mechanisms:
1. **depolarization** of pain sensing nerve endings 2. **lowering the threshold** in which depolarization occurs in primary afferent nerves 3. **vasodilation and increased permeability** of blood vessels that results in an **increased number of leukocytes and inflammatory mediators** at site of injury
30
somatosensory cortex is responsible for:
1. **discrimination** of pain signals 2. **recognition**, **learning** and **memory** of painful experiences
31
somatic pain
pain related to the **wall of the body cavity** musculoskeletal
32
visceral pain
pain that is often **poorly localized** and associated with **mechanical/chemical/thermal stimuli or ischemia** accompanied by **changes in somatic muscle tone and autonomic responses**
33
assessing pain in cats
* **posture**, **orientation** in a cage, **facial expression**, **loss of normal behaviors** and **response to palpation** of a surgical site should be evaluated
34
simple descriptive pain scales
* first pain scales to be used in animals * **3 to 5 point scale** with answers ranging from **mild, moderate to severe** * very basic and not validated
35
University of Melbourne Pain Scale
* **numerical rating scale** * assesses **different behavioral and physiological indices** to categorize pain **after surgery in dogs**
36
Colorado State University canine and feline acute pain scales
* **numerical pain scales** * used **clinically** * may fail to capture the **full details of a case**
37
visual analog scale (VAS)
* designed to **improve assessment** by trying to **capture the subtle nuances of pain** that may go unrecognized with the use of other scales * **semi-objective scale** that consists of a **100 mm horizontal line** that represents the **painfulness of a patient** (no pain-0, worst pain possible-100) * very **simple to use** and provides assessor info on **trends** in patient's pain level and treatment * prone to observer **variability and bias**
38
Glasgow University Veterinary School
* **composite pain scoring system** for pain assessment in dogs * **validated and reliable** * **questionnaire** that examines n**umerous behavioral traits** and then a pain score is derived * **six categories and 30 descriptors** on the form * descriptors are **ranked numerically** within each category according to pain severity
39
preemptive perioperative analgesic administration
should be instituted **before surgery and application of noxious stimuli** benefit of **decreased drug requirement** during maintenance and recovery of anesthesia
40
multimodal therapeutic plan
should be instituted and includes the use of drugs that are **directed at treating specific mechanisms of pain** allows for **reduction in the dose** of each drug used while also **reducing potential side effects or toxicity**