Intro to Osteology Flashcards
Definition of Ostelogy
Study of the human skeleton’s bones, including their functions, descriptions and landmarks
What is bone
Organic (living) tissue
What is bone made up of (2)
1) Organic Material
2) Minerals
What Organic Materials are in bone (2)
1) Cells
2) Collagen Fibres
Which Minerals are in bone (2)
1) Hydroxyapatite
2) Calcium Carbonate
Functions of Bone (6)
1) Support
2) Protection
3) Assistance in Movement
4) Mineral Homeostasis
5) Hemopoeisis
6) Triglyceride (fat) Storage
What is ‘Bone Remodelling’
The process of replacing old or damaged bone tissue
2 Processes of Bone Remodelling
1) Bone Reabsorption
2) Bone Deposition
What is Bone Reabsorption
Removal or ingestion of minerals and collagen fibres from the bone by osteoclasts
What is Bone Deposition
Addition or deposition of minerals and collagen fibres to the bone by osteoblasts
What type of cells are involved in bone reabsorption
Osteoclasts
What type of cells are involved in bone deposition
Osteoblasts
Which areas of bones require more frequent remodelling
The parts under greater stress
Where does bone remodelling occur
Along lines of mechanical stress
How do bones maintain calcium levels in blood
Bones release or absorb calcium to/from the blood to maintain homeostasis
Which hormones regulate the exchange of calcium and phosphate ions between blood and bone (2)
Parathyroid
Calcitonin
2 Types of Bone Structure
1) Compact/Dense
2) Spongy/Cancellous
Where is compact bone found
External layers of ALL bone
Where is cancellous bone found
Interior of MOST bones
What is the structure/shape of compact bone
Concentric rings
What is the structure/shape of cancellous bone
Irregular latticework
Types of Bone (6)
Long Short Irregular Flat Sesamoid (Sutural)
Describe Long Bones
Length is greater than width
Made of compact bone with cancellous bone at both ends
Describe Short Bones
Length and width are close to equal (cubic shaped)
Mostly made up on cancellous bone w/ a thin layer of compact bone
Describe Irregular Bones
Complex and varied shapes
Variable amounts of spongy and compact bone
Describe Flat Bones
Thin bones comprised of two parallel plates of compact bone that surround a layer of spongy bone
Describe Sesamoid Bones
Small bones found within a tendon where a large amount of friction occurs
Function of Sesamoid Bones (2)
- To protect the tendon and underlying joint from excessive wear and tear
- Provide a mechanical advantage at a joint
Describe Sutural (wormian) Bones
Very small bones located in the sutures between cranial bones
Parts of a Long Bone (7)
1) Diaphysis
2) Epiphysis
3) Metaphysis
4) Medullary Cavity
5) Endosteum
6) Periosteum
7) Articular/Hyaline Cartilage
What is the Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
What is the Epiphysis
Distal and Proximal ends of a long bone
What is the Metaphysis
The area between the Diaphysis and Epiphysis
What is located at the Metaphysis of a mature bone
Epiphyseal line
What is located at the Metaphysis of a growing bone
Growth plate
What is the Medullary Cavity
The space within the Diaphysis
In children, the Medullary Cavity contains…
Red Marrow
In mature bone, what is in the Medullary Cavity
Yellow Marrow
What is the Endosteum
A membrane (thin sheet of fascia) that lines the inside of the bone and surrounds the Medullary Cavity
What is the Periosteum
Fibrous coating (fascia) that surrounds the outside of the bone to which ligaments and tendons attach themselves
What does Articular/Hyaline Cartilage do
Covers the joint surfaces (epiphyses) to aid movement by reducing friction and increasing shock absorption
What makes up the Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle
Upper Extremities
Pelvic (hip) Girdle
Lower Extremities
What makes up the Axial Skeleton
Skull
Thorax: Ribs and Sternum
Vertebral Column
Sacrum and Coccyx
