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ANATOMY > INTRO TO OSTEOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRO TO OSTEOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteology?

A

Osteology is the study of bone

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2
Q

How do bones work.

A

Calcium and phosphorus mineral crystals deposit around the protein strands toreinforce the bone.

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3
Q

Explain axial skeleton.

A

Has 80 bones comprised of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

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4
Q

Explain appendicular Skeleton.

A

Is composed of 126 bones of the upper, lower limb, shoulder and pelvic girdle.

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5
Q

What are the structures that fall within appendicular skeleton

A

Shoulder girdle, the upper limb, lower limb and pelvic girdle

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6
Q

What are some of the functions of bones

A

Supports the body
Acts as a lever for muscle movement
Protects organs such as brain, heart etc
Produce red blood cells white blood cells and platelets in the red marrow of bones
Release calcium and phosphate ions to maintain concentration of these in body fluids

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7
Q

What are the two types of stem cells bone marrow contains

A

Hemopoietic and stromal

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8
Q

What does hemopoietic stem cells do

A

Produce blood cells

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9
Q

What does stromal blood cell do

A

Produce fat cartilage and bones

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10
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow

A

Red marrow and yellow marrow

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11
Q

State function of red marrow and yellow marrow

A

Red produces RBC WBC and platelets while yellow produces some WBC

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12
Q

What is bone matrix?

A

Intercellular substance containing inorganic mineral salts to provide bones hardness and organic collagen fibre that provides bone flexibility. Collagen fibres tensile strength means they resist bing torn.

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13
Q

Explain process of calcification.

A

Mineral salts such as calcium phosphate and carbonate deposit in the framework of collagen fibres

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14
Q

Explain compact bone and What its made of

A

It makes of cortical tissues and has less porosity it gives the solid and smooth white appearance to the bone

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15
Q

Explain spongy bones and what its made of

A

Made of cancellous tissues and are very porous

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16
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

The long central shaft

17
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

Round ends of long bones

18
Q

What is the function of epyphysial plates?

A

Plates of cartilage known as growth plates that allow length growth.

19
Q

What is the function of cancellous bone?

A

Where red blood cells are made

20
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Gives strength to the hollow part of the bone

21
Q

What is Periosteum?

A

Outercovering of the bone with ligament and tendons attached to it

22
Q

What is marnow carrity?

A

Where white blood cells are made.

23
Q

Write down the types of bones with examples

A

Long bones (humerus, phalanges)
Flat bones (cranium)
Sutural bones (cranial bones)
Irregular bones (facial bones and vertebra )
Short bones (tarsus and carpus)
Sesamoid bones (patella)

24
Q

What is the function of flat bones

A

It protects internal organs

25
Q

What is the function of long bones

A

Support weight and facilitate movement

26
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones

A

Reinforce bones

27
Q

What are the 3 types of elevation?

A

Linear elevation- line, ridge, crest
Rounded elevation- tubercle,tuberosity,malleolus,trochanter
Sharp elevation-spine,styloid processes

28
Q

What are facet markings

A

Small smooth flat surfaces

29
Q

What are the depression markings on the bone

A

Small- pit or fovea
Large- fossa
Has length-groove or suculus
When bridged by a ligament or bone - notch or insicura
Perforation or hole - foramen
A canal has an orifice at each end- canal or meatus

30
Q

What are the arteries that supply the bones

A

Periostal arteries and epiphyseal veins

31
Q

What is the function of periostal arteries

A

Supply the periostum and bones

32
Q

What is the function of epiphyseal veins

A

Carry blood away from long bones

33
Q

What is heterotropic ossification

A

Process by which bone tissue forms outside of the skeleton in the soft tissue due to surgery or repetitive trauma to the hips and legs

34
Q

Explain rickets

A

Vitamin D or calcium deficiency resulting in poor mineralisation that results in growth retardation

35
Q

Explain osteomalacia

A

In adults the hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia along with vit. D deficiency results in impaired mineralization (the osteoid mineralises poorly) of bone matrix. Bones fracture and bow easily

36
Q

Explain osteoporosis

A

Bone disease where the bone matrix becomes too porous and become weak and break easily

ANATOMY (9 decks)

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