INTRO TO OSTEOLOGY Flashcards
What is osteology?
Osteology is the study of bone
How do bones work.
Calcium and phosphorus mineral crystals deposit around the protein strands toreinforce the bone.
Explain axial skeleton.
Has 80 bones comprised of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Explain appendicular Skeleton.
Is composed of 126 bones of the upper, lower limb, shoulder and pelvic girdle.
What are the structures that fall within appendicular skeleton
Shoulder girdle, the upper limb, lower limb and pelvic girdle
What are some of the functions of bones
Supports the body
Acts as a lever for muscle movement
Protects organs such as brain, heart etc
Produce red blood cells white blood cells and platelets in the red marrow of bones
Release calcium and phosphate ions to maintain concentration of these in body fluids
What are the two types of stem cells bone marrow contains
Hemopoietic and stromal
What does hemopoietic stem cells do
Produce blood cells
What does stromal blood cell do
Produce fat cartilage and bones
What are the two types of bone marrow
Red marrow and yellow marrow
State function of red marrow and yellow marrow
Red produces RBC WBC and platelets while yellow produces some WBC
What is bone matrix?
Intercellular substance containing inorganic mineral salts to provide bones hardness and organic collagen fibre that provides bone flexibility. Collagen fibres tensile strength means they resist bing torn.
Explain process of calcification.
Mineral salts such as calcium phosphate and carbonate deposit in the framework of collagen fibres
Explain compact bone and What its made of
It makes of cortical tissues and has less porosity it gives the solid and smooth white appearance to the bone
Explain spongy bones and what its made of
Made of cancellous tissues and are very porous
What is diaphysis?
The long central shaft
What is epiphysis?
Round ends of long bones
What is the function of epyphysial plates?
Plates of cartilage known as growth plates that allow length growth.
What is the function of cancellous bone?
Where red blood cells are made
What is the function of compact bone?
Gives strength to the hollow part of the bone
What is Periosteum?
Outercovering of the bone with ligament and tendons attached to it
What is marnow carrity?
Where white blood cells are made.
Write down the types of bones with examples
Long bones (humerus, phalanges)
Flat bones (cranium)
Sutural bones (cranial bones)
Irregular bones (facial bones and vertebra )
Short bones (tarsus and carpus)
Sesamoid bones (patella)
What is the function of flat bones
It protects internal organs
What is the function of long bones
Support weight and facilitate movement
What is the function of sesamoid bones
Reinforce bones
What are the 3 types of elevation?
Linear elevation- line, ridge, crest
Rounded elevation- tubercle,tuberosity,malleolus,trochanter
Sharp elevation-spine,styloid processes
What are facet markings
Small smooth flat surfaces
What are the depression markings on the bone
Small- pit or fovea
Large- fossa
Has length-groove or suculus
When bridged by a ligament or bone - notch or insicura
Perforation or hole - foramen
A canal has an orifice at each end- canal or meatus
What are the arteries that supply the bones
Periostal arteries and epiphyseal veins
What is the function of periostal arteries
Supply the periostum and bones
What is the function of epiphyseal veins
Carry blood away from long bones
What is heterotropic ossification
Process by which bone tissue forms outside of the skeleton in the soft tissue due to surgery or repetitive trauma to the hips and legs
Explain rickets
Vitamin D or calcium deficiency resulting in poor mineralisation that results in growth retardation
Explain osteomalacia
In adults the hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia along with vit. D deficiency results in impaired mineralization (the osteoid mineralises poorly) of bone matrix. Bones fracture and bow easily
Explain osteoporosis
Bone disease where the bone matrix becomes too porous and become weak and break easily
