CARTILAGE

Question 1

What are the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 1

Hyaline, elastic, fibro

Question 2

What are the functions of cartilage

Answer 2

Development and growth of long bones, supporting soft tissues, providing a smooth, gliding surface at joints, giving flexibility

Question 3

What are some of the features of cartilage

Answer 3

-is a form of connective tissue, made by extracellular fibres embedded in a matrix that contains cells in small cavities
-It is avascular
-it is nourished by diffusion through matrix from the capillaries of perichondrium
-it does not repair as readily as other tissues

Question 4

What is perichondrium

Answer 4

Outer covering of hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage, not found in fibrocartilage

Question 5

What are the two layers of of perichondrium

Answer 5

Outer fibrous layer with fibroblasts, inner cellular layer with chondroblasts

Question 6

Fxn of fibrous layer

Answer 6

Produce collagenous fibres (type 1 + few elastics) for protection with blood vessels

Question 7

Fxn of inner cellular layer with chondroblasts

Answer 7

Produce chondrogenic cells which differentiate into chondroblasts secrete matrix and becomes chondrocytes within lacunae

Question 8

What is the function of perichondrium

Answer 8

Initiates appositional growth and provides nutrition to the cartilage

Question 9

What is the composition of cartilage

Answer 9

Chondroblasts/chondrocytes in lacuna, ECM (95%), Fibres and ground substance.

Question 10

What is the composition of fibres of ECM?

Answer 10

Fibres of 3 types (collagen ll, collagen l, elastic) that can be embedded in the matrix, irregular or in bundles.

Question 11

List down some features of chondroblasts

Answer 11

Young and immature cells
Differentiate into chondrocytes
Flattened shape
One nucleus
Secretes type ll collagen and other ECM components

Question 12

List down some feature of chondrocytes

Answer 12

Mature cartilage cells in lacuna
Round one or more nucleus (lightly packed so stains lighter)
Cytoplasm has usual organelles, lipid, glycogen inclusions
Abundant RERs

Question 13

List down some features of hyaline cartilage

Answer 13

Flexible and resilient
Temporary skeleton till its replaced by bone
Type 2 collagen fibres only

Question 14

Where is hyaline cartilage found

Answer 14

Costal cartilage,articular cartilage, trachea, nose, larynx, bronchii, epiphyseal plate.

Question 15

Explain features feature of elastic cartilage

Answer 15

Highly bendable
Branching with elastic fibres in between type 2 collagen fibre bundles
Perichondrium rich in elastic fibres

Question 16

Where is elastic cartilage found

Answer 16

Pinna of ear, internal and external auditory tubes,epiglottis

Question 17

Explain features of fibrocartilage

Answer 17

Resist compression and tension

Question 18

Where is fibrocartilage found

Answer 18

In relation to joints, pubic symphysis, intra articular lips, meniscus of knee joint

Question 19

Explain what happens when cartilage is degenerated

Answer 19

Cells increase in volume and size followed by cell death and calcification of matrix resulting in restricted mobility and joint paint. The regeneration of damaged cartilage is slow and incomplete

Question 20

What happens when cartilage is damaged

Answer 20

Perichondrium produces a scar of dense connective tissue instead of forming new cartilage

Question 21

What are the reasons cartilage cant regenerate

Answer 21

Avascularity, immobility of chondrocytes, limited ability to increase in the number or amount of something

Question 22

List down structural features of hyaline

Answer 22

Isogenous group of cells
Homogenous basophilic matrix
Type 2 collagen fibers only

Question 23

List down structural features of fibrocartilage

Answer 23

Single or paired chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibres
Type 1 collagen dominant
Has no perichondrium

Question 24

List down features of elastic cartilage

Answer 24

Matrix yellow and more opaque due to elastic fibres
Cells are more scattered
Type 2 collagen fibres branched with elastic fibers
Perichondrium rich in elastic fibers