INTRO TO ARTHROLOGY

Question 1

What are the 3 types of joints based on type of tissue

Answer 1

Fibrous- bones connected by tissue
Cartilaginous- bones connected by cartilage
Synovial- articulating surfaces filled with fluid

Question 2

What are the 3 types of join based on degree of movement

Answer 2

Synarthrosis- immovable
Amphiarthrosis- slightly movable
Diarthrosis- freely moveable

Question 3

Explain some features of fibrous joints

Answer 3

Bones bounded by tough, fibrous tissue.
Found in joints that require strength and stability
There are 3 types- sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

Question 4

Explain the function sutures

Answer 4

Are immovable joints found in the flat bones of skulls that link adjacent the flat bones by a thin layer of sutural ligament. The flexibility of the sutures allow the bones to overlap so a babies head can pass through the birth canal

Question 5

Explain the function of gomphoses

Answer 5

Immovable joints that join the teeth in their sockets by a strong periodontal ligament

Question 6

Explain function of syndesmoses

Answer 6

Slightly movable joins that link two adjacent bones by a ligament. Interosseous membrane joins the radius and ulna

Question 7

Explain the function of synchondroses

Answer 7

Its is a cartilaginous joint that separates two ossification centres at the head and bone of the shaft allowing bone growth longitudinally

Question 8

Explain symphyses

Answer 8

It is a cartilaginous joint that interconnects two bones at the midline, example, pubic symphysis and vertebral joints

Question 9

State the features of fibrous membrane in the joint capsule of synovial joints

Answer 9

Fibrous membrane is formed by a dense connective tissue that surrounds and stabilises a joint, part of it may thicken to form ligaments for further reinforcement

Question 10

State features of the synovial membrane in the joint capsule of synovial

Answer 10

It is highly vascular and produces synovial fluid into the articular cavity. It also provides nutrition, lubrication and shock absorption

Question 11

Explain hinge joints

Answer 11

Joints that allow movement in one axis transversely. Example, elbow joint can only flex or extend

Question 12

Explain pivot joints.

Answer 12

Allow movement in one axis longitudinally along the shaft of the bone and allow rotation. Example atlanto axial joint.

Question 13

Explain ball and socket joint

Answer 13

Allows movement around every axis such as flexion extension abduction adduction circumduction and rotation

Question 14

Explain ellipsoid joints

Answer 14

Allow movement around two axes that are at right angle to each other, permit extension, flexion adduction, abduction, circumduction. Example, wrist joint.

Question 15

Explain saddle joints

Answer 15

Allow movement around two axes right angle to each other. Permit flexion extension abduction adduction and circumduction. Example, carpometacarpal of the thumb

Question 16

Explain plane joints

Answer 16

Allow sliding or gliding when one bone moves across the surface of another. Example, between tarsal bones and acromioclavicular jointd (the cap of the shoulder and the collar bone)

Question 17

Explain bicondylar joints.

Answer 17

Allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation in the second axis. Example, knee joint

Question 18

What are the 3 types of joint based on movement

Answer 18

Unaxial (movement in one plane), biaxial(movement in two planes), multiaxial (movement in multiple planes)

Question 19

Explain the nerve supply of joints

Answer 19

Consists of sensory and autonomic fibers. The autonomic nerves control the dilation or constriction of blood vessels and sensory nerves of the articular capsule and ligaments provide proprioceptive feedback. The free nerve endings convey pain sensation.

Question 20

Explain hiltons law

Answer 20

Articular nerves supplying a joint are branches of the nerves that supply the muscle responsible for moving that joint and the overlying skin (referred pain from joint to skin)

Question 21

Explain blood supply of joints

Answer 21

Articular arteries that arise from the vessels around the joint which form a network ensuring a blood supply to and across the joint. Articular veins are communicating veins that are located mostly in the synovial membrane

Question 22

What is bursa

Answer 22

A small sac filled with lubricating fluid located between bone and surrounding tissue,bones and tendons, and/or muscles around joints. They reduce friction and cushion that absorbs pressure.

Question 23

What affects joint stability

Answer 23

Shape size and arrangement of articular surfaces
Ligaments
Tone of surrounding muscle

Question 24

Explain rheumatoid arthritis.

Answer 24

The bodys immune system attacking the joint capsule

Question 25

Explain gouty arthritis

Answer 25

Build of uric acid deposits tiny sharp crystals in and around the joints

Question 26

Where is bursa usually found

Answer 26

In synovial joints between tendons and bones

Question 27

What is the function of bursa deep in the tissues?

Answer 27

Reduce the friction of muscles

Question 28

Whats the fxn of superficial bursa

Answer 28

Serves as a cushion to the bone