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H2 Chemistry > Intro to Organic chem > Flashcards

Intro to Organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

Saturated organic cmpds

A

contains only C-C and C-H single bonds

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2
Q

Unsaturated organic cmpds

A

contains C-C , C-O , C-N double bond

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3
Q

Types of ways to draw compds

A
  1. Condensed
  2. Structural
  3. Skeletal
  4. Stereochemical
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4
Q

Types of cmpds characterised by functional groups

A
  1. Alkane
  2. Alkene
  3. Halogenoalkanes
  4. Arene (consists of benzene ring)
  5. Hydroxy compds -OH
  6. Carbonyl cmpds - Aldehyde -H-C=O /ketone C=O
  7. Carboxylic acid COOH
  8. Ester- O-C=O
  9. Amide -H-N-C=O
  10. Amine C-NH2
  11. Phenylamine -benzene-NH2
  12. Alkyne C triple bond C
  13. Ether C-O-C
  14. nitrile C triple bond N
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5
Q

Nomenclature

A

Prefix-substituents
Parent- longest carbon chain
Suffix- principal functional group

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6
Q

Parent

A
  1. Methane
  2. Ethane
  3. Propane
  4. Butane
  5. Pentane
  6. Hexane
  7. Heptane
  8. Octane….
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7
Q

Suffix

A

The more times the C is bonded to an O or N the greater the polarity of the functional group. The greater the polarity the more the priority it takes

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8
Q

Prefix

A 
Substituent group
fluoro
chloro
bromo
iodo
hydroxy
nitro
amino
Alkyl group
methyl- CH3
ethyl- CH3CH2
propyl- CH3CH2CH2
Aryl group
phenyl
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9
Q

Hybridisation

A

no.of atomic orbitals mixed = no.of hybrid orbitals formed

hybrid orbitals take part in sigma bond only and unhybridised p orbitals take part in pi bonds

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10
Q

sp3

A

4 electron regions
hybridised 4 sp3 regions
tetrahedral

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11
Q

sp2

A

3 electron regions
1 unhybridised 2p orbital
hybridised 3 sp3 regions
trigonal planar

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12
Q

sp

A

2 electron regions
2 unhybridised 2p orbital
hybridised 2 sp3 regions
linear

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13
Q

Resonance and delocalisation of electron

A

a molecule/ion exhibits resonance if there are continuous overlap of p orbitals over at least 3 adjacent atoms allowing delocalisation of pi electron

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14
Q

Benzene

A

All C sp2 hybridised
Due to the continuous overlap of unhybridised 2p orbitals over 6 C atoms allowing for the delocalisation of 6 pi electrons

Due to resonance hybrid structure formation of a partial double bond character can be observed in the bonds between C atoms

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15
Q

Electron flow in a reaction mechanism

A

movement of a electron pair illustrated by curly arrow originating from electron rich (efficient)region to electron poor region(deficient)

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16
Q

Nucleophiles

A

Electron rich/efficient species contain pi bonds or lone pair of e available for donation to an electron deficient species

can be neutral molecules with lone pair of e
negatively charged ions

17
Q

Electrophiles

A

Electron deficient species accept an electron pair from an electron efficient species
can be atoms which carry partial positive charge
ions that are positively charged
atom that has an empty orbital in its valence shell

18
Q

Bond fission

A
  1. Homolytic

2. Heterolytic

19
Q

Homolytic fission

A

When two bonding atoms are of similar electronegativities shared pair of electrons are equally split between the 2 atoms
each atoms acquires one of the bonding pair of electrons forming free radicals

movement of e by two curly half arrows originating from the bond

20
Q

Free Radical

A
  1. Contains an unpaired electron
  2. very reactive , unpaired electron readily combines with an electron in another atom via a covalent bond
  3. odd number of electrons
21
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

When two bonding atoms of different electronegativities bonding pair of electrons shared unequally between the two atoms.

More electronegative atom acquires both the electrons in the pair. Forming an anion. Less electronegative atom forms a cation

include partial charge in drawing
movement of e by curly full arrow from the bond

22
Q

Bond formation

A

Two radicals collide to form an stable product
An electron rich region donates an electron to an electron deficient region
movement of e by curly full arrow from lone pair on more electronegative atom

23
Q

Types of reaction

A

CHASERO

24
Q

Condensation

A

Two molecules react together to form a larger molecule with the loss of a small molecule (H2O)

25
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A large molecule splits into two smaller molecules with the use of a water molecule
acid/alkali used as catalyst

26
Q

Addition

A

Occurs when there is unsaturation in reactant molecule

Two species react to form a single product without the elimination of any atom

27
Q

Substitution

A

An atom or grp of atoms substituted by another atom/grp of atoms

28
Q

Elimination

A

Atoms/grp of atoms are removed to form product that is unsaturated (double bond specifically)

29
Q

Reduction

A

1/more O atoms removed from molecule and/or 1/more H is added to molecule

30
Q

Oxidation

A

1/more O atoms added to molecule and/or 1/more H is removed from molecule

H2 Chemistry (22 decks)

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