Alkanes Flashcards
Alkanes
CnH2n+2
Acyclic
Cyclic
Cyclic Alkanes
Ring structure
CnH2n
Cyclopropane-triangle
Cyclobutane- square
Cyclopentane-pentagon
Cyclohexane- hexagon
Acyclic Alkanes
Straight chain
Branched chain
CnH2n+2
Nomenclature
- Prefix
- Parent
- Suffix
Prefix
Substituents
Parent
Longest continuous carbon chain bearing principal functional group
Suffix
Principal functional group
Isomerism
Alkanes with 4 or more carbons exhibit structural isomerism due to branching of the hydrocarbon chains.
Physical properties
- Increasing MP/BP
- Increasing Density
- Not soluble
- Increasing viscosity
Increasing MP/BP
With increasing number of carbon, increasing Mr hence increasing electron cloud size.
Branched chain has lower MP/BP than straight chain due to lesser surface area of contact. Increasing degree of branching decreasing MP/BP
Increasing density
Increasing Mr down homologous series stronger id-id bringing alkane molecules closer together occupying smaller volume. Larger mass/smaller volume leads to increasing density down series (str8 chain)
density decreases with greater degree of branching
Not soluble
Alkanes are non polar molecules hence insoluble in polar solvents but soluble in non-polar solvents
Increasing viscosity
Increasing Mr as strength of id id increases down group increasing viscosity
Chemical properties
Reactivity
Combustion
Free radical substitution
Reactivity
generally unreactive (inert)
- due to non polar C-H bonds as C and H have similar electronegativities
- C-C and C-H bonds are strong
alkane do not have electron rich/poor centres to attract reactive charged species