Intro To Organic Flashcards
What is positional isomerism?
Where the functional group is in a different place in the molecule
What is chain isomerism
Where there is a different arrangement of carbon atoms
What is functional isomerism
Where different functional groups are formed
What is functional isomerism
Where different functional groups are formed
What are stereoisomers
Compounds that have the same molecular and structural formulae but different arrangements in space
What is the different between E-Z isomers and cis-trans isomers?
E-Z regards to atoms with the highest Ar where as cis-trans refers to the same functional group
What is the reaction where low demand alkanes are broken down to form more useful alkanes which are in higher demand
Cracking
What are the two types of cracking and what conditions do they require?
Thermal cracking:
Up to 7000Kpa,
400-900 degrees Celsius
Catalytic cracking:
Just above 100Kpa
450 degrees Celsius
What catalyst is involved in catalytic cracking? And what does it consist of?
Zeolite catalyst
- honeycomb structure
- rock with aluminium, silicone and oxygen
What are the product and reactants for thermal cracking and catalytic cracking?
Thermal:
- uses all longer chain fractions
- produces large amounts of ethane
Catalytic:
- uses only a few fractions e.g. diesel
- produces large amounts of branched alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds
What pollutants are released in incomplete combustion?
Soot
Carbon monoxide
What pollutants are produced by internal combustion engines? And where do the atoms come from?
Soot- carbon atoms
Carbon monoxide (CO) - hydrocarbons and air
Nitrogen oxides (NO2)- atmosphere
Suffer oxides (SO2)- impurities in fossil fuels
What do catalytic converters remove, and what are they made of?
Remove NO into N2 and CO2
Ceramic honeycomb structure coated in a thin layer of metal catalyst
How many products are formed in electrophyllic addition?
1
T or F: haloalkanes cannot undergo nucleophilic substitution.
False
What are the three parts of free radical substitution?
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
What is the total oxidation state of a compound with no charge?
0
Do oxidising agents lose or gain electrons?
Gain (cause something else to become oxidised)
Are halogens oxidising agents or reducing agents?
Oxidising agents
What is the trend in reactivity as you go down group 7?
Decreases
What colour is chlorine, bromine and iodine in:
1.solution
2.cyclohexane solution
3. As a precipitate with silver nitrate
- Chlorine = pale green
Bromine = yellow
Iodine = brown - Chlorine = pale yellow
Bromine = Orange
Iodine = purple - Chlorine = white
Bromine = cream
Iodine = very pale yellow
What is the reaction for chlorine + water to an acid?
Cl2 + H2O >< HCl + HClO
Chlorine+ water >< hydrochloric acid + chloric acid
What is the reaction for chloric acid and uv light?
2Cl2 + 2H2O >< 4HCl + O2
Chlorine + water >< hydrochloric acid + Oxygen
What is the reaction for** cold** sodium hydroxide and chlorine
Cl2 + 2NaOH >< NaCl + **NaClO **+ H2O
Chlorine + sodium hydroxide >< sodium chloride + **sodium hypochlorate **+ water
What is the reaction for **hot **sodium hydroxide?
3Cl2 + 6NaOH >< 5NaCl + **NaClO3 **+ 3H2O
Chlorine+ sodium hydroxide >< sodium chloride + **sodium chlorate **+ water
What is the reaction for halides with sulphuric acid that must be done in a fume cupboard?
NaCl + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + HCl(g)
Sodium chloride + sulphuric acid -> sodium bisulphate + hydrochloric acid
What is the test for carbonates?
Add dilute HCl
Bubble gas’s produced through limewater
Limewater goes cloudy positive result
What is the test for sulphates?
Acidify solution
Add barium chloride solution
White precipitate = positive
What is the test for ammonium ions ?
Add warm sodium hydroxide solution
Ammonia gas’s produced
Ammonia gas’s turns damp litmus paper blue
What is the trend in melting point in group 2?
Decreases down the group
What is the trend in ionisation energy down group 2?
It decreases
What is the reaction of group 2 with oxygen?
It burns in air to produce metal oxide
What are the flame colours for the flame tests:
Beryllium = white
Magnesium = bright white
Calcium = brick red
Strontium = scarlet red
Barium = Apple green
What is the reaction of group 2 with water?
Reacts with water to produce hydroxides and hydrogen gas’s.
Reaction of group 2 with acids forms…
Hydrochloric acid -> …
Nitric acid -> …
Sulphuric acid -> …
Salt + water
Chlorides
Nitrates
Sulphates
How is titanium extracted?
Heated with chlorine and coke
Molten magnesium is added in inert atmosphere
Products are cooled , dilute HCl is used to remove excess magnesium
