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Chemistry (Organic) > Intro to Organic > Flashcards

Intro to Organic Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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3
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

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4
Q

What is molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms in a molecule or element (e.g. C₂H₆)

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5
Q

What is empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

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6
Q

What is structural formula

A

The arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds (e.g. Butal-1-ol: CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH)

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7
Q

What is displayed formula

A

Showing the arrangement of atoms showing all the bonds and atoms in a molecule

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8
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A group of compounds which have the same functional group and general formula

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9
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for alkanes

A

suffix: -ane

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10
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for alkenes

A

suffix: -ene

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11
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for alcohols

A

suffix: -ol
Prefix: hydroxy-

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12
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for halogenoalkanes

A

Prefix:
chloro-
bromo-
iodo-

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13
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for aldehydes

A

suffix: -al
Prefix: formyl-

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14
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for ketones

A

suffix: -one
prefix: oxo-

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15
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for carboxylic acids

A

suffix: -oic acid

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16
Q

What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for esters

A

suffix: -yl-oate

17
Q

When compounds contain more than one functional group, how do we name it

A

The functional group with the highest priority takes the the suffix, whilst all others take the prefix form

18
Q

What is the order of priority when naming molecules

A

Cakaah
Highest priority
>Carboxylic acids
>aldehydes
>ketones
>alcohols
>alkenes
>halogenoalkanes
Lowest priority

19
Q

What is a mechanism

A

The movement of electrons during a chemical reaction

20
Q

What do curly arrows represent in a mechanism

A

The movement of a pair of electrons
Starting from an area with many electrons(e.g. double bond or lone pair) and end where the electrons move to (e.g. formation of a new bond)

21
Q

What is a structural isomer

A

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

22
Q

What are the different types of structural isomerism

A

Chain isomers
Position isomers
Functional group isomers

22
Q

What is a chain isomer

A

Same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton (e.g. pentane & 2-mehtylbutane)

23
Q

What is a position isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton (e.g. pent-1-ol and pent-2-ol)

24
Q

What is a functional group isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different functional group (e.g. pent-1-ene and cyclopentane)

25
Q

What is a stereoisomer

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

26
Q

Give 2 examples of stereoisomers

A

E-Z isomers
Optical isomers

27
Q

Explain how E-Z isomers arise

A

Occurs when we have w different atoms or groups of atoms on the same double bonded carbon
The C=C bond and atoms bonded directly to this are planar (flat)
Atoms cant rotate around the C=C bond as it is rigid
This means E-Z isomers arise

28
Q

What is an E isomer

A

When the same groups are opposite the C=C

29
Q

What is a Z isomer

A

When the same groups are on the same side of the C=C

30
Q

When do we use CIP (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) rules when naming an EZ isomer

A

When we have 4 different groups around a double bond

31
Q

How do we use CIP (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) rules when naming an EZ isomer

A

The atom/group bonded to one of the carbons on C=C with the highest atomic number (or Mr if its a group) takes priority

If the atoms/groups with the highest priority on C1 and C2 of the C=C are on the same side then its Z, if opposite then E

32
Q

What effect can EZ isomers have on physical properties

A

Can affect boiling point and polarity
For example

33
Q

What is a free radical

A

A reactive species which possesses an unpaired electron

34
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

The movement of a pair of electrons in a bond to two separate atoms forming two free radicals

35
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A

The movement of a pair of electrons in a bond to one atoms forming one free radical

36
Q

Where do curly arrows always start

A

From a lone pair of electrons or the centre of a bond

Chemistry (Organic) (10 decks)

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