Intro to Organic Flashcards
What is the general formula for alkanes
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
What is the general formula for alkenes
CₙH₂ₙ
What is the general formula for alcohols
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
What is molecular formula
The actual number of atoms in a molecule or element (e.g. C₂H₆)
What is empirical formula
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
What is structural formula
The arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds (e.g. Butal-1-ol: CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH)
What is displayed formula
Showing the arrangement of atoms showing all the bonds and atoms in a molecule
What is a homologous series
A group of compounds which have the same functional group and general formula
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for alkanes
suffix: -ane
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for alkenes
suffix: -ene
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for alcohols
suffix: -ol
Prefix: hydroxy-
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for halogenoalkanes
Prefix:
chloro-
bromo-
iodo-
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for aldehydes
suffix: -al
Prefix: formyl-
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for ketones
suffix: -one
prefix: oxo-
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for carboxylic acids
suffix: -oic acid
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for esters
suffix: -yl-oate
When compounds contain more than one functional group, how do we name it
The functional group with the highest priority takes the the suffix, whilst all others take the prefix form
What is the order of priority when naming molecules
Highest priority
>Carboxylic acids
>aldehydes
>ketones
>alcohols
>alkenes
>halogenoalkanes
Lowest priority
What is a mechanism
The movement of electrons during a chemical reaction
What do curly arrows represent in a mechanism
The movement of a pair of electrons
Starting from an area with many electrons(e.g. double bond or lone pair) and end where the electrons move to (e.g. formation of a new bond)
What is a structural isomer
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
What are the different types of structural isomerism
Chain isomers
Position isomers
Functional group isomers
What is a chain isomer
Same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton (e.g. pentane & 2-mehtylbutane)
What is a position isomer
Same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton (e.g. pent-1-ol and pent-2-ol)
What is a functional group isomer
Same molecular formula but different functional group (e.g. pent-1-ene and cyclopentane)
What is a stereoisomer
Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space
Give 2 examples of stereoisomers
E-Z isomers
Optical isomers
Explain how E-Z isomers arise
Occurs when we have 2 different atoms or groups of atoms on the same double bonded carbon
The C=C bond and atoms bonded directly to this are planar (flat)
Atoms cant rotate around the C=C bond as it is rigid
This means E-Z isomers arise
What is an E isomer
When the same groups are opposite the C=C
What is a Z isomer
When the same groups are on the same side of the C=C
When do we use CIP (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) rules when naming an EZ isomer
When we have 4 different groups around a double bond
How do we use CIP (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) rules when naming an EZ isomer
Go along across each group on each carbon of the c=c until there is a difference in atoms. Atom with the highest atomic number means that group takes priority (ie from top and bottom on RHS decide which takes priority then do same with RHS)
If the atoms/groups with the highest priority on C1 and C2 of the C=C are on the same side then its Z, if opposite then E
What effect can EZ isomers have on physical properties
Can affect boiling point and polarity
For example
What is a free radical
A reactive species which possesses an unpaired electron
What is homolytic fission
The movement of a pair of electrons in a bond to two separate atoms forming two free radicals
What is heterolytic fission
The movement of a pair of electrons in a bond to one atoms forming one free radical
Where do curly arrows always start
From a lone pair of electrons or the centre of a bond
