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Chemistry (Organic) > Alkanes > Flashcards

Alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an alkane

A

A saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes

A

CnH2n

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4
Q

What does a saturated hydrocarbon mean

A

Means that each carbon is bonded 4 times with the maximum number of hydrogens possible

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5
Q

Are cycloalkanes saturated or unsaturated

A

Saturated

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6
Q

What is crude oil

A

A mixture of different length hydrocarbon

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7
Q

What temperature are hydrocarbons heated to in a fractional distillation column

A

350 degrees C

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8
Q

Where is it coolest in a fractional distillation column

A

Coolest at top
Hottest at bottom

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9
Q

Give 1 use of Gas (top of fractional distillation column)

A

Used in LPG and stove gas

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10
Q

Give 1 use of Bitumen

A

Roofing and tarmac

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11
Q

Give 1 use of kerosine

A

Jet fuel

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12
Q

Give 1 use of fuel oil

A

Ships and power station

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13
Q

What is cracking

A

Breaking a longer chain alkane into a shorter chain alkane and an alkene

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14
Q

What are the conditions for thermal cracking

A

1000 degrees C
70atm

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15
Q

What are the main products of thermal cracking

A

Alkenes

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16
Q

What are the conditions for catalytic cracking

A

450 degrees C
Zeolite catalyst

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17
Q

What are the main products of catalytic cracking

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons

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18
Q

What are Aromatic hydrocarbons useful for

A

In fuels for vehicles

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19
Q

What is an Aromatic hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbons which contain benzene rings

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20
Q

Why do we use a zeolite catalyst for catalytic cracking

A

Lowers temperature and pressure needed for cracking to occur and so lowers cost and speeds up the process

21
Q

What do alkanes form when they combust completely

A

CO2 and H2O

22
Q

Why are alkanes good fuels

A

Most of them burn readily to produce large amounts of energy

23
Q

What are two negative products from incomplete combustion of alkanes

A

Carbon monoxide
Soot (C)

24
Q

Why is CO poisinous

A

Bonds to haemoglobin in the blood and prevents oxygen from bonding

25
Q

How can CO be removed in a vehicle

A

Catalytic converter

26
Q

Give 3 hazards with soot

A

causes breathing problems
Makes buildings dirty
Clogs up engines

27
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

When greenhouse gasses absorb infra red radiation (heat) from the sun but emit some back to earth

28
Q

What 3 things mix to form ozone

A

Sunlight
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen dioxide

29
Q

Where does ozone occur

A

The lowest level of the atmosphere

30
Q

When does photochemical smog occur

A

When carbon particulates and ozone mix

31
Q

What is a hazard with photochemical smog

A

Harms respiratory system in humans and animals

32
Q

When are oxides of nitrogen formed

A

When nitrogen and oxygen found in the air combine under high temperature and pressure for example in car engines

33
Q

What is the role of a catalytic converter

A

Help to reduce the amount of of unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen going into the atmosphere

34
Q

How can the burning of fossil fuels contribute to sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere

A

When some fossil fuels containing sulfur impurities are burned, the sulfur reacts with oxygen producing sulfur dioxide

35
Q

How does sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere contribute to acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxide reacts with water in the atmosphere to for sulphuric acid which falls as acid rain

36
Q

What type of gas in sulphur dioxide

A

An acidic gas

37
Q

What process can we use to remove sulphur dioxide from flue gasses

A

Wet scrubbing

38
Q

What is wet scrubbing

A

Dissolving calcium carbonate or oxide in water and spraying on acidic sulphur dioxide gas

39
Q

What are the 3 stages in Free radical substitution

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

40
Q

What is the initiation stage in free radical substitution

A

Radicals produced using UV
Bond breaks producing 2 radicals

41
Q

What is the propagation stage in free radical substitution

A

When a radical reacts with a non radical molecule
New radicals are then created

42
Q

What is the termination stage in free radical substitution

A

When 2 radicals react to form a non radical molecule

43
Q

What is photodissociation

A

When sunlight breaks a bond

44
Q

What is the equation for the initiation stage in the free radical substitution of methane and chlorine (CH4 + Cl2—-> CH3Cl + HCl)

A

Cl2 (UV) —–> 2.Cl

45
Q

What are the 2 equations for the propagation stage in the free radical substitution of methane and chlorine (CH4 + Cl2—-> CH3Cl + HCl)

A

.Cl + CH4 —> .CH3 + HCL
.CH3 + Cl2 —-> CH3Cl + .Cl

46
Q

What is the equation for the termination stage in the free radical substitution of methane and chlorine (CH4 + Cl2—-> CH3Cl + HCl)

A

.Cl + .CH3 —>CH3Cl

47
Q

What is the similarity between the 2 equations in the 2 propagation steps in free radical substitution

A

The radical on the reactant side of the first equation must be the radical on the product side of the second equation

48
Q

What happens if we have excess of the radical in the termination step in the formation of a haloalkane in free radical substitution

A

We will get a di,tri,tetra haloalkane

Chemistry (Organic) (2 decks)

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