Intro To Oncology Flashcards
Primary prevention
A wellness decision
Secondary prevention
All about screening to catch cancer early
Mammogram
Pap smear
Colonoscopy
Tertiary prevention
Disease treatment and rehabilitation
Health restoration
Goal - prevent further deterioration
Tamoxifen
Chemo prevention drug, primarily for breast cancer
It binds estrogen progesterone
Throws you into menopause (hormone strealer)
7 warning signs of cancer
CAUTION
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or else where
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
TNM system of staging
T = size of primary tumor
N= number of lymph nodes involved
M= extent of metastasis
Carcinoembryonic antigen CEA
Pancrease, GI
GX
Can not be assessed
G1
Low grade well differentiated, slow growing
G2
Moderate grade
Moderately differentiated, growing slightly faster
G3
High grade
Poorly differentiated, growing faster
G4
High grade
Undifferentiated, not distinct at all, very aggressive
Stage 1
Small cancer found only in organ where it originated
Stage 2
Larger cancer that may/ may not have spread to the lymph nodes
Stage 3
larger cancer also in the lymph nodes
Stage 4
cancer has spread from original site into other organs
TX
Tumor can not be measured
T0
No primary tumor or can’t be found
‘Tis
Tumors is in situ
(Same layer)
T1
Small or early stage
T2
Confined to original area
T3
Has spread to surrounding tissues
T4
Large advanced stage cancer
NX
Nearby nodes can’t be tested/evaluated
N0
Lymph nodes are cancer free
N1
Cancer cells have reached one node
N2
Cancer spread to more than one node
N3
Cancer in lymph nodes extensive/widespread
Mx
Unknown if cancer has spread
M0
No distant metastases were found
M1
Cancer has spread to one or more distant parts of the body
Tumor marks
Determine the effectiveness of treatment
Why do patients get anemia during radiation therapy?
Bone marrow suppression
Porto-oncogene
Good gene
Controls growth of cell
If it mutates it does not control the growth of our cells
Oncogene
Bad gene
Mutated pronco-oncogene
Uncontrolled cell growth
Common sites of metastases
Bone
Brain
Liver
Lung
If primary is breast cancer where does it tend to metastasize
Lymph nodes FIRST , Then liver, lung and brain
What is the most painful cancer?
Bone
HPV can lead to
Cervical cancer
HPV shot for prevention
Hepatitis b/c
Liver cancer
Epstein Barr
Lymphoma
Human herpes virus 8
Kaposis sarcoma
HIV
Lymphoma kaposis sarcoma
H pylor
Stomach ulcers, lymphoma in the stomach lining
BRCA 1&2
If you have mutations it exposes you up to 70% more to getting ovarian and breast cancer
What do viruses do?
Causes inflammation
Suppresses immune system (cancer likes both of these)
During a Pap smear a doctor is looking for abnormal cells oof the cervix. What are these caused by?
Sex
Pathologist is going to give you
Differentiation and your grade
Oncologist will give you
Staging after a diagnosis has been given
In situ
Still in the original layer
Localized
Still in the original organ
Regional
Spread to nearby lymph nodes or organs
Distant
Spread to distant body parts
