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PSYC 311 > Intro to neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Intro to neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

who is the scientist associated with phrenology

A

Franz Gall

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2
Q

what is phrenology

A

phrenologists assigned functions to different brain areas (not accurate)

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3
Q

to phrenologists, what did it mean if you had a big bump on your skull in a particular area

A

it meant that the function associated with that specific brain area was “heightened”

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4
Q

what did Broca do

A

he studied brain patients, specifically those with lesions caused by stroke

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5
Q

who was Broca’s most notable patient

A

patient Tan

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6
Q

What happened to Patient Tan

A

He had a stroke causing a brain lesion and because of this lesion his speech production became impaired and whenever he tried to speak all that would come out is “tan”

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7
Q

where was the brain lesion for Patient Tan

A

in the left frontal lobe, more specifically the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area)

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8
Q

what is functional localization

A

locating brain function to a specific area

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9
Q

what is micro anatomical investigation

A

looking at the brain’s cell content through a microscope

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10
Q

what are staining methods used for

A

to study the cell structure and visualize individual neuron’s

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11
Q

who was the first person to make a map of the brain

A

Brodmann

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12
Q

what did Brodmann base his map off of

A

cytoarchitechture - cell architecture

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13
Q

what kind of patients did Penfield work with

A

Epileptic patient

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14
Q

what is the Montreal procedure

A

an awake craniotomy where Penfield would use electrical stimulation to test brain areas and their functions

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15
Q

what is the source of a seizure called

A

epileptic foyer

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16
Q

which cortex is the pre-central gyrus associated with

A

motor cortex

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17
Q

which cortex is the post-central gyrus associated with

A

somatosensory cortex

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18
Q

what is the homunculus

A

a map of the motor/somatosensory cortex of the brain

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19
Q

what are the 3 main properties of the homunculus

A

it is an inverted map, it is disproportionate, and it is contralateral

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20
Q

who was Brenda Milner’s famous patient

A

Patient HM

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21
Q

what did Brenda Milner discover

A

the role of the hippocampus (important for forming new memories)

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22
Q

what are the orientations of the brain

A

anterior = rostral -> towards the front
posterior = caudal -> towards the back
dorsal = superior -> towards the top
ventral - inferior -> towards the bottom/down
lateral = towards the sides (cortex)
medial = towards the middle (white matter/sub-cortical)

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23
Q

what are the cuts of the brain

A

coronal = frontal
horizontal =axial
sagittal/mid-sagittal
=middle

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24
Q

how are the 2 brain hemispheres connected

A

corpus callous

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25
what is grey matter
the cortex, cell bodies of neurons
26
what kind of function does the cortex take care of
higher order functions
27
what is white matter
the connections throughout the brain, the neuron's axons
28
what kind of fluid surrounds the brain
cerebrospinal fluid = CSF
29
what is the role of the cerebellum and where is it located
it's located at the bottom of the brain and it is important for balance and various motor functions
30
what are axons covered with nd why is this useful
myelin and it helps messages travel faster (like insulation of a wire)
31
what is the importance of the synapse
where 2 neurons communicate with each other
32
how do neurons communicate with each other
through neurotransmitters
33
what is an action potential
electrical activity in a neutron triggered by stimulation
34
what are the folds we see on the cortex and why do we have them
gyri (bumps) and sulci (folds) and we have them so our brain can fit in our head
35
what is a fissure
a very deep sulcus
36
what percentage of the brain. is hidden in sulci
about 50%
37
what is the MNI brain
an average brain generated by combining over 100 brains into one (useful for studies)
38
which 2 lobes does the central sulcus separate
the frontal and parietal
39
which lobes are above the Sylvian fissure and which one is below
above: frontal and parietal below: temporal
40
what does the Parieto-occipital sulcus separate
the parietal and occipital lobes
41
which of the main sulci are hard to see from the lateral surface
the parieto-occipitaq
42
The borders between which lobes aren't very well defined
between the occipital and parietal and between the occipital and temporal
43
what are the occipital-temporal areas
regions between the two lobes that gradually become the temporal lobe (because the border isn't well-defined)
44
what is the occipital lobe's main role
processing visual info
45
what does V1 do
the initial processing of visual info, basic (color, shape, etc.)
46
which Brodmann area is V1 associated with
17
47
within which fissure can we find V1
calcarine fissure
48
what/where is the cuneus
on the occipital side of the occiptio-parietal sulcus and it contributes to visual processing
49
where is the lingual gyrus located
under the calcarine fissure
50
what are the 3 main gyri of the temporal lobe
superior temporal gyrus (STG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), inferior temporal gyrus (IFG)
51
what is the upper limit of the STG
Sylvian fissure
52
what separates the STG from the MTG
superior temporal sulcus (STS)
53
what separates the ITG from the STG
inferior temporal sulcus (ITS)
54
the parahippocampal gyrus covers which brain structure
the hippocampus (temporal lobe)
55
what is the inflated brain
a view in neuroimaging that shows the brain as a flat surface to show the importance of sulci
56
what is the posterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus
the parahippocampal cortex
57
what is the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus
the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices (rhinal cortex)
58
what is the piriform cortex important for
sense of smell
59
which sulcus separates the ITG from the fusiform gyrus
occipito-temporal sulcus
60
which sulcus separates the fusiform gyrus from the parahippocampal gyrus
the collateral sulcus
61
if you open the Sylvian fissure which brain area/cortex will you find
primary auditory cortex
62
which Brodmann areas are associated with the primary auditory cortex
41 and 42
63
Werinicke's area is where in the temporal lobe
posterior temporal
64
what is Wernicke's area important for
language comprehension
65
what will we find along the occipital-temporal sulcus (what stream)
the ventral stream of vision
66
what structure is covered by the parahippocampal gyrus
the hippocampus

PSYC 311 (10 decks)

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