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PSYC 311 > Intro to neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Intro to neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

who is the scientist associated with phrenology

A

Franz Gall

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2
Q

what is phrenology

A

phrenologists assigned functions to different brain areas (not accurate)

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3
Q

to phrenologists, what did it mean if you had a big bump on your skull in a particular area

A

it meant that the function associated with that specific brain area was “heightened”

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4
Q

what did Broca do

A

he studied brain patients, specifically those with lesions caused by stroke

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5
Q

who was Broca’s most notable patient

A

patient Tan

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6
Q

What happened to Patient Tan

A

He had a stroke causing a brain lesion and because of this lesion his speech production became impaired and whenever he tried to speak all that would come out is “tan”

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7
Q

where was the brain lesion for Patient Tan

A

in the left frontal lobe, more specifically the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area)

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8
Q

what is functional localization

A

locating brain function to a specific area

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9
Q

what is micro anatomical investigation

A

looking at the brain’s cell content through a microscope

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10
Q

what are staining methods used for

A

to study the cell structure and visualize individual neuron’s

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11
Q

who was the first person to make a map of the brain

A

Brodmann

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12
Q

what did Brodmann base his map off of

A

cytoarchitechture - cell architecture

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13
Q

what kind of patients did Penfield work with

A

Epileptic patient

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14
Q

what is the Montreal procedure

A

an awake craniotomy where Penfield would use electrical stimulation to test brain areas and their functions

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15
Q

what is the source of a seizure called

A

epileptic foyer

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16
Q

which cortex is the pre-central gyrus associated with

A

motor cortex

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17
Q

which cortex is the post-central gyrus associated with

A

somatosensory cortex

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18
Q

what is the homunculus

A

a map of the motor/somatosensory cortex of the brain

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19
Q

what are the 3 main properties of the homunculus

A

it is an inverted map, it is disproportionate, and it is contralateral

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20
Q

who was Brenda Milner’s famous patient

A

Patient HM

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21
Q

what did Brenda Milner discover

A

the role of the hippocampus (important for forming new memories)

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22
Q

what are the orientations of the brain

A

anterior = rostral -> towards the front
posterior = caudal -> towards the back
dorsal = superior -> towards the top
ventral - inferior -> towards the bottom/down
lateral = towards the sides (cortex)
medial = towards the middle (white matter/sub-cortical)

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23
Q

what are the cuts of the brain

A

coronal = frontal
horizontal =axial
sagittal/mid-sagittal
=middle

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24
Q

how are the 2 brain hemispheres connected

A

corpus callous

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25
Q

what is grey matter

A

the cortex, cell bodies of neurons

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26
Q

what kind of function does the cortex take care of

A

higher order functions

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27
Q

what is white matter

A

the connections throughout the brain, the neuron’s axons

28
Q

what kind of fluid surrounds the brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid = CSF

29
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum and where is it located

A

it’s located at the bottom of the brain and it is important for balance and various motor functions

30
Q

what are axons covered with nd why is this useful

A

myelin and it helps messages travel faster (like insulation of a wire)

31
Q

what is the importance of the synapse

A

where 2 neurons communicate with each other

32
Q

how do neurons communicate with each other

A

through neurotransmitters

33
Q

what is an action potential

A

electrical activity in a neutron triggered by stimulation

34
Q

what are the folds we see on the cortex and why do we have them

A

gyri (bumps) and sulci (folds) and we have them so our brain can fit in our head

35
Q

what is a fissure

A

a very deep sulcus

36
Q

what percentage of the brain. is hidden in sulci

A

about 50%

37
Q

what is the MNI brain

A

an average brain generated by combining over 100 brains into one (useful for studies)

38
Q

which 2 lobes does the central sulcus separate

A

the frontal and parietal

39
Q

which lobes are above the Sylvian fissure and which one is below

A

above: frontal and parietal
below: temporal

40
Q

what does the Parieto-occipital sulcus separate

A

the parietal and occipital lobes

41
Q

which of the main sulci are hard to see from the lateral surface

A

the parieto-occipitaq

42
Q

The borders between which lobes aren’t very well defined

A

between the occipital and parietal and between the occipital and temporal

43
Q

what are the occipital-temporal areas

A

regions between the two lobes that gradually become the temporal lobe (because the border isn’t well-defined)

44
Q

what is the occipital lobe’s main role

A

processing visual info

45
Q

what does V1 do

A

the initial processing of visual info, basic (color, shape, etc.)

46
Q

which Brodmann area is V1 associated with

A

17

47
Q

within which fissure can we find V1

A

calcarine fissure

48
Q

what/where is the cuneus

A

on the occipital side of the occiptio-parietal sulcus and it contributes to visual processing

49
Q

where is the lingual gyrus located

A

under the calcarine fissure

50
Q

what are the 3 main gyri of the temporal lobe

A

superior temporal gyrus (STG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), inferior temporal gyrus (IFG)

51
Q

what is the upper limit of the STG

A

Sylvian fissure

52
Q

what separates the STG from the MTG

A

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

53
Q

what separates the ITG from the STG

A

inferior temporal sulcus (ITS)

54
Q

the parahippocampal gyrus covers which brain structure

A

the hippocampus (temporal lobe)

55
Q

what is the inflated brain

A

a view in neuroimaging that shows the brain as a flat surface to show the importance of sulci

56
Q

what is the posterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus

A

the parahippocampal cortex

57
Q

what is the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus

A

the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices (rhinal cortex)

58
Q

what is the piriform cortex important for

A

sense of smell

59
Q

which sulcus separates the ITG from the fusiform gyrus

A

occipito-temporal sulcus

60
Q

which sulcus separates the fusiform gyrus from the parahippocampal gyrus

A

the collateral sulcus

61
Q

if you open the Sylvian fissure which brain area/cortex will you find

A

primary auditory cortex

62
Q

which Brodmann areas are associated with the primary auditory cortex

A

41 and 42

63
Q

Werinicke’s area is where in the temporal lobe

A

posterior temporal

64
Q

what is Wernicke’s area important for

A

language comprehension

65
Q

what will we find along the occipital-temporal sulcus (what stream)

A

the ventral stream of vision

66
Q

what structure is covered by the parahippocampal gyrus

A

the hippocampus

PSYC 311 (10 decks)

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