Intro to Neuro System Flashcards by Reign Panaligan

What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system? (FSR)

Control and coordinate bodily functions
Analyze stimuli
Integrate responses

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What are the divisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System – brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System – sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerves

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How many
cranial nerves
spinal nerves

cranial: 12 pairs
spinal: 31 pairs + 1 coccygeal

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What is the ANS and what does it do

Under the CNS
Regulates automatic stimuli
SNS and PNS (para = stop)

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Differentiate neuron from neuroglial/glial

Neuron: transmit nerve impulses, has 3 parts (CAD), gray matter

Neuroglial/glial: protects and nourishes neurons, white matter

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What are the parts of a neuron? (DSA)

Dendrites – brings info to soma (sensory)

Soma – cell body containing nucleus

Axon – conducting fiber that transmits impulses from soma to other neurons via axon terminals (motor)

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What cell makes up 40% of the CNS / 5-10x more

Neuroglial or glial cells

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What division of the nervous system is innate/we dont have to learn it

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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Differentiate sensory and motor neurons

sensory: bring info into CNS
motor: bring info away from CNS

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Match the type of neuroglial/glial cell to its description

A. astrocytes
B. oligodendrocytes
C. microglia
D. ependymal cells

epithelial cells, produce CSF which contains glucose for nutrition
phagocytic cells, migrate in the NS
forms myelin sheath, ensures conduction intactness of stimuli and holds nerve fibers together
forms blood brain barrier, regulates in and out of meds/pathogens

A4
B3
C2
D1

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What do microglia remove?

foreign matter / dead brain tissue

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What do each of the neuroglial types look like?

astrocytes – like a web/barrier

oligodendrocytes – small circles attached to axon

microglia – smaller webs than astrocytes

ependymal – square-ish epithelial cells

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What is the structural unit of the nervous system? What does it do? How many do we have?

Neuron – produce transmitter to inhibit/stimulate impulse

10B in brain
4B in spinal cord and PNS

TOTAL = 14B

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(T/F) Neurons are not able to reproduce, they just regenerate

TRUE

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Define
Myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Schwann’s cells

Myelin sheath – fatty layer that SPEEDS transmission (saltatory conduction or bumping of Na inside)

Nodes of Ranvier – unmyelinated sheath gaps, protects integrity of information

Schwann cells – produces myelin

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What will happen if the axon is completely myelinated?

Transmission of information will slow down

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Keywords for the basic neuron types

bipolar: soma is vertically aligned
unipolar: soma is horizontally aligned
multipolar: madami dendrites along soma
pyramidal: looks like christmas tree/pyramid

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What is action potential/nerve impulse and how fast is it

electrical impulse conduction between nerves (the data)

200 m/sec

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Identify if repolarization or depolarization

Resting state
Inside cell (+)
Can be stimulated
Cant be stimulated
Inside cell (-)
Stimulation of neuron
Na going INSIDE cell
Na going OUTSIDE cell

Resting state – R
Inside cell (+) – D
Can be stimulated – R
Cant be stimulated – D
Inside cell (-) – R
Stimulation of neuron –D
Na going INSIDE cell – D
Na going OUTSIDE cell – R

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What are the 5 requirements for action potential to work effectively and maintain integrity

O2
Glucose
Na
K
Ca

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Differentiate action potential and neurotransmitter

action potential: signal WITHIN cell

neurotransmitter: signal from CELL-TO-CELL

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Give the normal range and effect

K and Ca

hypokalemia/hypocalcemia =

hyperkalemia/hypercalcemia =

K – 3.5 mEq/L-5 mEq/

Ca – 8-12 mg/dL

hypokalemia/hypocalcemia = hyperexcitability, cramps

hyperkalemia/hypercalcemia = depressive, weakness

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Parts of axon and function

Synaptic/terminal knob – produce and store neurotransmitters, more happening here

Axon terminal – connected to another neuron or muscle

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What is the gap between an axon and a dendrite of another neuron called

what is its function?

Study These Flashcards

nerve synapse

where nerves communicate with each other

``` axon = _____ ________ = receiver ```

``` axon = transmitter dendrite = receiver ```

what are the parts of a synapse and its function

presynaptic – release neurotransmitter synaptic – store neurotransmitter postsynaptic – reacts

What are the 5 factors affecting impulse conduction? (DPDO)

Distance between synapse and soma – nearer = faster pH of ECF – acidosis (<7.35) = depressive, alkalosis (>7.45) = hyper Drugs – anesthetics/downers = depressive, caffeine/uppers = hyper O2 levels – low = depressive, normal = faster

Match the neurotransmitter type to its fxn ``` A. acetylcholine B. catecholamines C. serotonin/biogenic amines D. amino acids E. peptides F. gases ``` 1. nitric acid, carbon monoxide 2. regulate excitability but too much = depressive, GABA 3. contraction and mvmt of muscles, decrease = weakness 4. wake and sleep cycle + mood, decrease = cant sleep + sad 5. stimulant, tremors 6. inhibits pain

``` A3 B5 C4 D2 E6 F1 ```

# Define the ff ``` Cranium Meninges Cerebrum Brainstem Cerebellum ```

Cranium – bony part, protects Meninges – thin layer surrounding brain Cerebrum – most important, forebrain Brainstem – midbrain + hindbrain, contains the RAS ( reticular activating system, sleep-wake) Cerebellum – small brain/hindbrain, coordinate mvmt and balance

Brain does not have the ability to store food so we depend on ____ This explains what s/sx?

CSF Headache before growling stomach

Give the layers of the meninges + fxn (EDSASP)

Epidural space Dura mater Subdural space – hemorrhage happens here Arachnoid layer – where CSF is produced Subarachnoid space Pia mater – inner (space-mater-space-layer-space-mater)

How much CSF is produced absorbed daily

produced – 500 mL | absorbed – 125-150 mL

Match the ff parts of the cerebrum to its fx ``` A. Cerebral cortex/gray matter B. Corpus Callosum C. White matter D. Frontal lobe E. Parietal lobe F. Occipital lobe G. Temporal lobe H. Diencephalon ``` 1. divides the two spheres (R,L) 2. inner layer – nerve fibers, support tissues 3. outer layer – unmyelinated neurons 4. sensory lobe (personality, singing, spatial perception and positioning) 5. lobe in charge of vision 6. largest lobe, for motor functioning (broca's speech center, all body mvmt, reasoning) 7. auditory lobe (wernicke's area, hearing) 8. at base, innermost part, fine motor mvmt (tiptoe, hold utensils)

``` A3 B1 C2 D6 E4 F5 G7 H8 ``` ``` guide: FLM PS TA OV ```

Differentiate broca's speech center and wernicke's area

broca's = frontal lobe, ability to MAKE a sound wernicke's = temporal lobe, UNDERSTAND sounds and words

Differentiate left and right sided dominance

left – analytical, common, calculating, always working, health allied/business right – artistic, not as common as left, visual pattern, showbiz/arts

Where does stroke/CVA usually happen

basal ganglia (diencephalon) explains why can move arm but cannot hold utensils

Differentiate the ff Thalamus Epithalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland

Thalamus – directs incoming stimuli Epithalamus – control mood and sleep, contains choroid plexus (CSF) Hypothalamus – REGULATES hormones, fluid balance, temp, hunger, aggression/sexual behavior, ANS Pituitary gland – master gland, STIMULATES

Match the ff parts of the brainstem to its fx A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Medulla oblongata 1. decussation/crossing of motor AND sensory nerves, cardiac slowing center, CN 9-12 2. connects pons and cerebellum, auditory and reflex, CN 3 + 4 3. cardiac acceleration (via vasoconstriction), CN 5-8

A2 B3 C1 ``` guide: pababa to spine, 3-4 5-8 9-12 ```

In the cerebellum, what side controls which side of the body?

right controls right

Affected part if px has vertigo problems

Cerebellum

Fibers in the cerebellum are?

Ipsilateral – cross but come back unlike in medulla oblongata

Describe each protective factor of the brain CSF Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

CSF – colorless and odorless, spg of 1.007, minimal WBC, no RBC, normal pressure: 8-15 mmHg/80-200 mm H20 BBB – keeps large molecules (albumin, antibiotics) out of CSF and brain

The brain receives __% of cardiac output = ___ mL/min of blood Why?

The brain receives 15% of cardiac output = 750 mL/min of blood Brain has high metabolic demand – does not stop working

How does blood circulate in the brain? (direction, pressure, blood vessels involved)

Arteries fill from below (^) Veins drain from above (^) Depends on the pressure of the brain Internal carotid – circle of willis– vertebral arteries

What does the circle of willis do? (CSP)

Connects anterior and posterior arteries Second best, may help save in case of occlusion but Prone to rupture or aneurysm

What artery is usually occluded in a stroke?

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

(T/F) Cerebral veins have valves just like every other vein

FALSE, they do not

How long is the spinal cord

45 cm/ 18"

spinal cord inner portion = ___ matter outer portion = ___ matter clue – opposite w/brain

inner portion = gray matter | outer portion = white matter

ventral horns = ___ end | dorsal horns = ___ end

ventral horns = (ant) motor end | dorsal horns = (post) sensory end

Where can autonomic dysreflexia occur and what is autonomic dysreflexia

lateral horn autonomic dysreflexia – inc bp within seconds > aneurysm > emergency HTN > stroke > death

ascending tract: __ to ___ tracts fxn spinothalamic = spinocerebellar =

ascending tract: spinal cord to brain tracts fxn spinothalamic = decussate (right stroke affects left) spinocerebellar = ipsilateral (right cerebellum controls right)

descending tract: __ to ___ tracts pyramidal = extrapyramidal =

descending tract: brain to spinal cord tracts pyramidal = hands and feet extrapyramidal = non-voluntary movement

how many spinal arteries anterior posterior

anterior (1) posterior (2) 1A 2P

identify spinal nerve in charge ``` C- cervical T- thoracic L- lumbar S- sacral G- coccygeal ``` ``` breathing heart rate wrist and elbow shoulder hands sexual abdominal/hips triceps fingers ejaculation of men temp regulation head and neck trunk stability foot knee ```

``` breathing - C heart rate - C wrist and elbow - C shoulder - C hands - T sexual - S abdominal/hips - L triceps - C fingers - C ejaculation of men - L temp regulation - T head and neck - C trunk stability - T foot - S knee - L ```

Where do cranial nerves originate What are the exceptions

brainstem CN 1 – cerebrum CN 2 – diencephalon

what cranial nerves are considered SSMMBBSBBMM (Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brain Matter More) sensory (3) motor (5) mixed (4)

sensory (3) – CN 1, 2, 8 motor (5) – CN 3, 4, 6, 11, 12 mixed (4) – 5, 7, 9, 10

give the cranial nerves and their names and functions IN ORDER (OlfOpOc, TrochTri AbdFa, AcGloVag, AccHy)

1. olfactory – smell 2. optic – vision 3. oculomotor – pupil size + eye mvmt 4. trochlear – eye mvmt 5. trigeminal – facial sensation 6. abducens – side eye mvmt 7. facial – expression 8. acoustic – hearing + balance 9. glossopharyngeal – swallow 10. vagus – longest, breathe + HR 11. accessory – shoulder and neck mvmt 12. hypoglossal – tongue

Intro to Neuro System Flashcards

(58 cards)