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Medical Surgical Nursing - Second Sem > Intro to Neuro System > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system? (FSR)

A

Control and coordinate bodily functions
Analyze stimuli
Integrate responses

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System – brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System – sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerves

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3
Q

How many
cranial nerves
spinal nerves

A

cranial: 12 pairs
spinal: 31 pairs + 1 coccygeal

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4
Q

What is the ANS and what does it do

A

Under the CNS
Regulates automatic stimuli
SNS and PNS (para = stop)

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5
Q

Differentiate neuron from neuroglial/glial

A

Neuron: transmit nerve impulses, has 3 parts (CAD), gray matter

Neuroglial/glial: protects and nourishes neurons, white matter

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6
Q

What are the parts of a neuron? (DSA)

A

Dendrites – brings info to soma (sensory)

Soma – cell body containing nucleus

Axon – conducting fiber that transmits impulses from soma to other neurons via axon terminals (motor)

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7
Q

What cell makes up 40% of the CNS / 5-10x more

A

Neuroglial or glial cells

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8
Q

What division of the nervous system is innate/we dont have to learn it

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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9
Q

Differentiate sensory and motor neurons

A

sensory: bring info into CNS
motor: bring info away from CNS

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10
Q

Match the type of neuroglial/glial cell to its description

A. astrocytes
B. oligodendrocytes
C. microglia
D. ependymal cells

  1. epithelial cells, produce CSF which contains glucose for nutrition
  2. phagocytic cells, migrate in the NS
  3. forms myelin sheath, ensures conduction intactness of stimuli and holds nerve fibers together
  4. forms blood brain barrier, regulates in and out of meds/pathogens
A

A4
B3
C2
D1

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11
Q

What do microglia remove?

A

foreign matter / dead brain tissue

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12
Q

What do each of the neuroglial types look like?

A

astrocytes – like a web/barrier

oligodendrocytes – small circles attached to axon

microglia – smaller webs than astrocytes

ependymal – square-ish epithelial cells

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13
Q

What is the structural unit of the nervous system? What does it do? How many do we have?

A

Neuron – produce transmitter to inhibit/stimulate impulse

10B in brain
4B in spinal cord and PNS

TOTAL = 14B

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14
Q

(T/F) Neurons are not able to reproduce, they just regenerate

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Define
Myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Schwann’s cells

A

Myelin sheath – fatty layer that SPEEDS transmission (saltatory conduction or bumping of Na inside)

Nodes of Ranvier – unmyelinated sheath gaps, protects integrity of information

Schwann cells – produces myelin

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16
Q

What will happen if the axon is completely myelinated?

A

Transmission of information will slow down

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17
Q

Keywords for the basic neuron types

A

bipolar: soma is vertically aligned
unipolar: soma is horizontally aligned
multipolar: madami dendrites along soma
pyramidal: looks like christmas tree/pyramid

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18
Q

What is action potential/nerve impulse and how fast is it

A

electrical impulse conduction between nerves (the data)

200 m/sec

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19
Q

Identify if repolarization or depolarization

Resting state
Inside cell (+)
Can be stimulated
Cant be stimulated
Inside cell (-)
Stimulation of neuron
Na going INSIDE cell
Na going OUTSIDE cell
A 
Resting state – R
Inside cell (+) – D
Can be stimulated – R
Cant be stimulated – D
Inside cell (-) – R
Stimulation of neuron –D
Na going INSIDE cell – D
Na going OUTSIDE cell – R
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20
Q

What are the 5 requirements for action potential to work effectively and maintain integrity

A 
O2
Glucose
Na
K
Ca
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21
Q

Differentiate action potential and neurotransmitter

A

action potential: signal WITHIN cell

neurotransmitter: signal from CELL-TO-CELL

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22
Q

Give the normal range and effect

K and Ca

hypokalemia/hypocalcemia =

hyperkalemia/hypercalcemia =

A

K – 3.5 mEq/L-5 mEq/

Ca – 8-12 mg/dL

hypokalemia/hypocalcemia = hyperexcitability, cramps

hyperkalemia/hypercalcemia = depressive, weakness

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23
Q

Parts of axon and function

A

Synaptic/terminal knob – produce and store neurotransmitters, more happening here

Axon terminal – connected to another neuron or muscle

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24
Q

What is the gap between an axon and a dendrite of another neuron called

what is its function?

A

nerve synapse

where nerves communicate with each other

25
Q 
axon = \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = receiver
A 
axon = transmitter
dendrite = receiver
26
Q

what are the parts of a synapse and its function

A

presynaptic – release neurotransmitter

synaptic – store neurotransmitter

postsynaptic – reacts

27
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting impulse conduction? (DPDO)

A

Distance between synapse and soma – nearer = faster

pH of ECF – acidosis (<7.35) = depressive, alkalosis (>7.45) = hyper

Drugs – anesthetics/downers = depressive, caffeine/uppers = hyper

O2 levels – low = depressive, normal = faster

28
Q

Match the neurotransmitter type to its fxn

A. acetylcholine
B. catecholamines
C. serotonin/biogenic amines
D. amino acids
E. peptides
F. gases
  1. nitric acid, carbon monoxide
  2. regulate excitability but too much = depressive, GABA
  3. contraction and mvmt of muscles, decrease = weakness
  4. wake and sleep cycle + mood, decrease = cant sleep + sad
  5. stimulant, tremors
  6. inhibits pain
A 
A3
B5
C4
D2
E6
F1
29
Q

Define the ff

Cranium
Meninges
Cerebrum
Brainstem
Cerebellum
A

Cranium – bony part, protects

Meninges – thin layer surrounding brain

Cerebrum – most important, forebrain

Brainstem – midbrain + hindbrain, contains the RAS ( reticular activating system, sleep-wake)

Cerebellum – small brain/hindbrain, coordinate mvmt and balance

30
Q

Brain does not have the ability to store food so we depend on ____

This explains what s/sx?

A

CSF

Headache before growling stomach

31
Q

Give the layers of the meninges + fxn (EDSASP)

A

Epidural space
Dura mater

Subdural space – hemorrhage happens here

Arachnoid layer – where CSF is produced

Subarachnoid space

Pia mater – inner

(space-mater-space-layer-space-mater)

32
Q

How much CSF is
produced
absorbed
daily

A

produced – 500 mL

absorbed – 125-150 mL

33
Q

Match the ff parts of the cerebrum to its fx

A. Cerebral cortex/gray matter
B. Corpus Callosum
C. White matter
D. Frontal lobe
E. Parietal lobe
F. Occipital lobe
G. Temporal lobe
H. Diencephalon
  1. divides the two spheres (R,L)
  2. inner layer – nerve fibers, support tissues
  3. outer layer – unmyelinated neurons
  4. sensory lobe (personality, singing, spatial perception and positioning)
  5. lobe in charge of vision
  6. largest lobe, for motor functioning (broca’s speech center, all body mvmt, reasoning)
  7. auditory lobe (wernicke’s area, hearing)
  8. at base, innermost part, fine motor mvmt (tiptoe, hold utensils)
A 
A3
B1
C2
D6
E4
F5
G7
H8
guide:
FLM
PS
TA
OV
34
Q

Differentiate broca’s speech center and wernicke’s area

A

broca’s = frontal lobe, ability to MAKE a sound

wernicke’s = temporal lobe, UNDERSTAND sounds and words

35
Q

Differentiate left and right sided dominance

A

left – analytical, common, calculating, always working, health allied/business

right – artistic, not as common as left, visual pattern, showbiz/arts

36
Q

Where does stroke/CVA usually happen

A

basal ganglia (diencephalon)

explains why can move arm but cannot hold utensils

37
Q

Differentiate the ff

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

A

Thalamus – directs incoming stimuli

Epithalamus – control mood and sleep, contains choroid plexus (CSF)

Hypothalamus – REGULATES hormones, fluid balance, temp, hunger, aggression/sexual behavior, ANS

Pituitary gland – master gland, STIMULATES

38
Q

Match the ff parts of the brainstem to its fx

A. Midbrain
B. Pons
C. Medulla oblongata

  1. decussation/crossing of motor AND sensory nerves, cardiac slowing center, CN 9-12
  2. connects pons and cerebellum, auditory and reflex, CN 3 + 4
  3. cardiac acceleration (via vasoconstriction), CN 5-8
A

A2
B3
C1

guide:
pababa to spine,
3-4
5-8
9-12
39
Q

In the cerebellum, what side controls which side of the body?

A

right controls right

40
Q

Affected part if px has vertigo problems

A

Cerebellum

41
Q

Fibers in the cerebellum are?

A

Ipsilateral – cross but come back unlike in medulla oblongata

42
Q

Describe each protective factor of the brain

CSF
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

CSF – colorless and odorless, spg of 1.007, minimal WBC, no RBC, normal pressure: 8-15 mmHg/80-200 mm H20

BBB – keeps large molecules (albumin, antibiotics) out of CSF and brain

43
Q

The brain receives __% of cardiac output = ___ mL/min of blood

Why?

A

The brain receives 15% of cardiac output = 750 mL/min of blood

Brain has high metabolic demand – does not stop working

44
Q

How does blood circulate in the brain? (direction, pressure, blood vessels involved)

A

Arteries fill from below (^)
Veins drain from above (^)

Depends on the pressure of the brain

Internal carotid – circle of willis– vertebral arteries

45
Q

What does the circle of willis do? (CSP)

A

Connects anterior and posterior arteries

Second best, may help save in case of occlusion but

Prone to rupture or aneurysm

46
Q

What artery is usually occluded in a stroke?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

47
Q

(T/F) Cerebral veins have valves just like every other vein

A

FALSE, they do not

48
Q

How long is the spinal cord

A

45 cm/ 18”

49
Q

spinal cord

inner portion = ___ matter
outer portion = ___ matter

clue – opposite w/brain

A

inner portion = gray matter

outer portion = white matter

50
Q

ventral horns = ___ end

dorsal horns = ___ end

A

ventral horns = (ant) motor end

dorsal horns = (post) sensory end

51
Q

Where can autonomic dysreflexia occur and what is autonomic dysreflexia

A

lateral horn

autonomic dysreflexia – inc bp within seconds > aneurysm > emergency HTN > stroke > death

52
Q

ascending tract: __ to ___

tracts fxn
spinothalamic =
spinocerebellar =

A

ascending tract: spinal cord to brain

tracts fxn
spinothalamic = decussate (right stroke affects left)

spinocerebellar = ipsilateral (right cerebellum controls right)

53
Q

descending tract: __ to ___

tracts
pyramidal =
extrapyramidal =

A

descending tract: brain to spinal cord

tracts
pyramidal = hands and feet
extrapyramidal = non-voluntary movement

54
Q

how many spinal arteries
anterior
posterior

A

anterior (1)
posterior (2)

1A
2P

55
Q

identify spinal nerve in charge

C- cervical
T- thoracic
L- lumbar
S- sacral
G- coccygeal
breathing
heart rate
wrist and elbow
shoulder
hands
sexual
abdominal/hips
triceps
fingers
ejaculation of men
temp regulation
head and neck
trunk stability
foot
knee
A 
breathing - C
heart rate - C
wrist and elbow - C
shoulder - C
hands - T
sexual - S
abdominal/hips - L
triceps - C
fingers - C
ejaculation of men - L
temp regulation - T
head and neck - C
trunk stability - T
foot - S
knee - L
56
Q

Where do cranial nerves originate

What are the exceptions

A

brainstem

CN 1 – cerebrum
CN 2 – diencephalon

57
Q

what cranial nerves are considered

SSMMBBSBBMM (Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brain Matter More)

sensory (3)
motor (5)
mixed (4)

A

sensory (3) – CN 1, 2, 8

motor (5) – CN 3, 4, 6, 11, 12

mixed (4) – 5, 7, 9, 10

58
Q

give the cranial nerves and their names and functions IN ORDER

(OlfOpOc, TrochTri
AbdFa, AcGloVag, AccHy)

A
  1. olfactory – smell
  2. optic – vision
  3. oculomotor – pupil size + eye mvmt
  4. trochlear – eye mvmt
  5. trigeminal – facial sensation
  6. abducens – side eye mvmt
  7. facial – expression
  8. acoustic – hearing + balance
  9. glossopharyngeal – swallow
  10. vagus – longest, breathe + HR
  11. accessory – shoulder and neck mvmt
  12. hypoglossal – tongue

Medical Surgical Nursing - Second Sem (7 decks)

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