Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NMSP Exam 1 > Intro To Neuro Pathology > Flashcards

Intro To Neuro Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

In the central nervous system, myelinating cells are called…

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is selective vulnerability

A

set of neurons sharing one or more properties demonstrating response to one insult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the acute “red neuron” response to injury

A

Seen at 12- 24 hrs
earliest sign of insult

Shrinkage of cell body
Pyknosis
Loss of nucleolus and nissl substance
Intense eosinophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the subacute and chronic response of neurons to injury

A

Cell loss and reactive gliosis (like scar tissue but is NOT scar tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Axonal Reaction

A

Increased protein synthesis associated with axonal sprouting

  • enlarged cell body
  • Peripheral displacement of nucleus
  • enlarges nucleolus
  • Nissl removed from center of cell to periphery (central chromatolysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions

A

Intracytoplasmic: lipofuscin, proteins, or carbohydrates
– Rabies, lewy bodies, CJD

Intranuclear: Herpes Cowdry body. CMV( both nuclear and cytoplasmic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most important histopathologic indicator of CNS injury

A

Gliosis, regardless of etiology

  • -Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia of astrocytes
  • -Astrocytes act as metabolic buffers & detoxifiers in the brain
  • -Foot processes contribute to BBB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the characteristics of gemistocytes

A

Enlarged nuclei, becomes vesicular with prominent nucleoli, cytoplasm expands, BRIGHT PINK & dislocates nucleus eccentrically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an Alz Type 2 Astrocyte

A

NOTHING TO DO WITH ALZ DISEASE

Gray matter cell, 2-3X nucleus, pale staining central chromatin, intranuclear glycogen droplet, prominent nuclear membrane & nucleolus.

Hepatic Encephalopathy and Wilson Dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Rosenthal fibers

A

Thick, elongated, brightly eosinophilic, irregular structures occurring within astrocytic processes (benign and slow)

  • -contains HSP
    • Areas of long standing gliosis: Pilocytic Astrocytoma (Alexander Dz)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe corpora amylacea

HINT OGRES are like ONIONS (slide 20 lecture1)

A

Polyglucosan bodies (PAS+)

Round faintly basophilic, concentrically laminated strictures located adjacent to astrocytic end processes

Contain glycosaminoglycan polymers, HSP, and ubiquitin - increase with age and degen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of microglia

A

macrophages of the CNS

surface CR3 & CD68 markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Differentiate Microglial nodules vs Neuronophagia

A

Microglial Nodules: Microglia Aggregate Around small foci of necrosis

Neuronopgia: Microglia congregate around dying neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the ependymal cell response to injury

A

leads to ependymal granulations

seen in CMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of cerebral edema

A

Vasogenic: Increase in extracellular fluid

Cytotoxic Edema: increase in intracellular fluid secondary to cell membrane injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a hallmark finding of increased cranial pressure?

A

Papilledema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What pathogenic reason would occur that would result in increased production of CSF

A

Choroid plexus papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does pyogenic meningitis contribute to an increased ICP

A

Suppurative exudate covering brainstem

Thickened leptomeninges -> obstructive Hydrocephalus

19
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus

A

CSF is not absorbed properly at the dural sinus level thus the ventricles tend to be symmetrically dilated

20
Q

What are the findings of Hydrocephalus Ex-vacuo and why might it be hard to tell

A

Dilation of ventricles
Shrinkage and atrophy of brain matter

CSF pressure is normal

21
Q

What is the triad of Normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Wet - urinary incontinence
Wacky - Dementia
Wobbly - Gait disturbance

22
Q

What are the three kinds of cerebral herniation

A

Subfalcine - Cingulate gyrus under Falx

Transtentorial - Medial aspect of the temporal lobe compressed against tenorum (C3 disturbances)

Tonsillar - Cerebellar tonsils displaced through the foramen magnum - life threatening

23
Q

Describe Kernohan’s phenomenon

A

compression of cerebellar peduncle against tentorium cerebelli -> ipsilateral deficit

Creates false localizing sign ex

Right hemisphere transtentorial herniation -> kernohan’s notch in left cerebellar peduncle -> right sided motor impairment

24
Q

Describe a Duret Hemorrhage

A

progression of transtentorial herniation often with secondary hemorrhagic lesions in midbrain or pons

25
Q

What form of necrosis does the brain undergo

A

Liquefactive

26
Q

What type of defects account for most of the CNS malformations

A

Neural Tube Defects - failure to close by day 28

-Folate deficiency

27
Q

What is myelomeningocele?

A

extension of CNS through the defect -> motor and sensory defects

28
Q

what are some associated causes of Microcephally

A

Zika (remember when people were worried about that)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
HIV-1

29
Q

What is a neuronal heterotopia

A

Commonly associated with epilepsy, collections of normal neurons in inappropriate places

30
Q

Describe Chiari Type 1

A

Low lying cerebellar tonsils extend down into vertebral canal: silent unless CSF impeded

31
Q

Describe Chiari Type 2

A

more severe, misshapen midline cerebellum with downward extension of vermis through F magnum

occurs with hydrocephalus and lumbar myelomeningocele

32
Q

Describe Dandy walker malformation

A

Enlarged posterior fossa; expanded roofless fourth ventricle = cerebellar vermis absent or rudimentary

33
Q

What buzzword sign is associated with Joubert Syndrome

A

Molar tooth sign

hypoplasia of vermis, elongation of cerebral peduncles

34
Q

What is a syringomyelia

A

fluid-filled cleft like cavity in the inner portion of the cord
-classic sx syrinx: isolated loss of pain and temp sensation of upper extremities

35
Q

what is hydromyelia

A

expansion of ependymal-lined central canal of the cord

36
Q

Describe Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

Seen in germinal matrix of premature infants

most common perinatal brain injury

37
Q

describe periventricular leukomalacia

A

infarcts in supratentorial white matter - premature infants; chalky yellow plaques = necrosis and calcification

38
Q

what is a distatic fracture

A

fracture crosses a suture line

39
Q

what are the signs of a basilar skull fracture

A

orbital or mastoid hematomas

Raccoon eyes
Oto/rhinorrhea: CSF drainage

40
Q

What are some downstream effects of CTE on the brain

A

Microhemorrhages
Neurofibrillary tangles/amyloid and tau deposits
Depigmentation of substantia nigra

41
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury

A

Axonal swelling +/- focal hemorrhaging lesions

direct action of mechanical forces. Do not NEED impact; angular acceleration sufficient

42
Q

What is shaken baby syndrome

A

Shake a baby to stop it from crying

75-80% dont die but develop brain damage

43
Q

How do we recognize shaken babies

A

Diffuse Axonal Injury
Subdural hematoma
Retinal hemorrhages
Child is never normal after the fatal shaking

NMSP Exam 1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions