Intro To Neuro Exam

Question 1

4 regions of the cerebrum

Answer 1

cerebral cortex
cerebellum
brainstem
diencephalon

Question 2

What is the diencephalon comprised of

Answer 2

basal ganglia (movement)
thalamus (sensory input and relays info)
hypothalamus (homeotstasis)

Question 3

What different signals are sent through the 3 different nerves of the spinal cord

Answer 3

Anterior nerve roots: efferent fibers sending motor signals away from the cord
Posterior nerve roots: afferent fibers receiving sensory signals from periphery
Spinal nerves: deep tendon reflexes

Question 4

Important info about Corticospinal tracts

Answer 4

mediate voluntary movement, carry impulses that INHIBIT muscle tone; split into Upper and Lower motor neurons

Question 5

Upper motor neuron info

Answer 5

Synapses in the brainstem; if damaged ABOVE the crossover impairment occurs on the opposite side; BELOW occurs on the same side
Muscle tone and DTRs are EXAGGERATED

Question 6

Lower motor neuron info

Answer 6

have cell bodies in the ant horn of the cord;

Muscle tone and DTRs are DECREASED/ABSENT

Question 7

What are the basics of difference to check for in motor lesions

Answer 7

Strength
Tone
Others
Reflexes
Muscle Mass
Baby=babinski sign
ALSO EVERYTHING LOWERS IN LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESION

Question 8

What are extrapyrimidal motor pathways

Answer 8

Basal ganglia system-helps to maintain muscle tone and control gross body movement
Cerebellar system-receives sensory and motor input and coordinates motor activity

Question 9

Difference between sensory cortex lesion and posterior column lesion

Answer 9

SCL: won’t impair perception of pain, touch but will impair finer discrimination
PCL: will impair position and vibration sense but other sensations are preserved

Question 10

What percent of strokes are ischmic

Answer 10

85%

Question 11

What is cranial nerve 1 and how to test

Answer 11

Olfactory-have pt smell something one nostril at a time

Question 12

What is cranial nerve 2 and how to test

Answer 12

Optic-visual acuity with Eye chart, peripheral visual checking, fundoscopic exam

Question 13

What is cranial nerve 3/4/6 and how to test

Answer 13

Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens

Test pupillary response, eye movements, observe lids for ptosis (3 opens and 7 closes)

Question 14

What is cranial nerve 5 and how to test

Answer 14

Trigeminal-motor jaw strength, sensory of the 3 divisions, and corenal reflex (touch cornea with cotton tip)

Question 15

What is cranial nerve 7 and how to test

Answer 15

Facial-observe facial symmetry, forehead wrinkeling, eyelid closure, whistle, frown

Question 16

What is cranial nerve 8 and how to test

Answer 16

Vestibular-acuity, rinne/weber

Question 17

What is cranial nerve 9/10 and how to test

Answer 17

Glossopharyngeal/Vagus- swallowing, rise of soft palate, gag

Question 18

What is cranial nerve 11 and how to test

Answer 18

Spinal Accessory- SCM and trapezius muscle, turn head against resistance and shoulder shrug

Question 19

What is cranial nerve 12 and how to test

Answer 19

Hypoglossal-tongue should protrude in midline
Lower motor neuron lesion=curved towards damaged side and atrophy
Upper motor neuron lesion=curved away from side of damage and no atrophy

Question 20

What is clonus, asterixis, and scapular winging

Answer 20

Clonus: present in CNS disease, involuntary rhythmic muscular contractions d/t sudden stretch of muscle
Asterixis: inability to hold wrist and fingers in extension
Scapular: serratus anterior weakness or long thoracic nerve palsy

Question 21

Tests for coordination

Answer 21

Rapid Altering Movements
Point to Point movements
Romberg Sign
Pronator Drift