Intro to Neuro Flashcards
3 functions of nervous system
- takes in sensory info (sensory neurons) 2. integrates this info (interneurons and projection neurons) Tells muscles and glands (effectors) to respond accordingly (lower or motor neurons)
Spinal Cord overview
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral only extends to L1-L2
PNS Overview
31 spinal nerves and 12 cranial nerves
Sensory input
receptor transduces energy into electrochemical signal, through pns
Motor output
electrochemical signal transduced by effector through pns
PNS somatic
skeletal muscle, voluntary
PNS autonomic
smooth muscle, visceral, automatic
Sympathetic
flight or flight
Parasympathetic
rest and digest
rostral
towards the top of the head before flexing of brain
caudal
toward bottom before flexure
brain dorsal
superior
brain ventral
inferior
spinal cord dorsal
posterior
spinal cord ventral
anterior
anterior and posterior is the same as? in the brain
anterior posterior
cell types in nervous tissue
neurons glia oligodendrocytes schwann cells astrocytes microglia ependymal cells
Neuron types
Unipolar
- 2 Bipolar
- 3 Multipolar - dendrites have primary, secondary, etc branches
–Most neurons
•4 Pseudounipolar - no dendrites
–Dorsal root ganglia
Glial cells more than just glue
Tri-part synapes
cells of the nervous sytem need oxygen, nutrients, heat, etc
presynaptic, postsynaptic and astrocyted process - astrocytes provide glue, atp, recycle glutamate, regulate ca2+
synapse
both neurons, dont confuse with the synaptic cleft
subsynaptic web
postsynaptic density
collection of receptors and scaffolding proteins that hold thme in place so that they are localized and ready for the signal
Glutamate ionotropic
- ampa - na influx
- kainate - na influx
- nmda - requires depolarization, some mg and then na and ca influx in addtion to glutamate binding (learning memory and epilepsy - too much antieptipleptic can cause retardation
glutamate metabotropic
big variation over 100 subtypes
mglurs
glutamate can be?
excitotoxic
GABA
most prevalent inhibitory nt
gaba ionotropic
GAba -a
cl influx
benzos and alcohol are agonists
gaba metabtropic
- gaba-b gpcr and 2nd messengers
- girk channels trigger ipsps by expelling k
glycine
found all through the body, particularly active in spinal cord
acetylcholine
•All motoneurons on skeletal muscle use Ach.
•Come from acetyl coA and choline. Use the enzyme CHAT (choline acetyl transferase)
•Degraded by acetyl cholinesterase.
•Nicotinic (ionotropic)—skeletal muscle. Na+ and Ca2+ influx.
–More nicotonic in PNS
•Muscarinic (metabotropic).
More muscarinic in CNS
Otto lowi’s classic experiment
Donor heart:
stimulate vagus
heart rate slows
remove fluid sample
Recipient heart:
add fluid to recipient heart
heart rate slows
soup mehtod
myathenia gravis
- Autoimmune disorder
- Antibodies against nicotinic receptors
- Production of Ach is normal
- Progressively weaker with repeated muscle contractions
- acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are treatment target
Dopamine - monoamine
»D1 (Excitatory) and D2 (Inhibitory) receptors
»GPCRs
»Two major areas are from SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA)
ventral tegmental area
addiction and schizophrenia
norepi-monoamine-catecholamine
»Produced in the Locus Ceruleus in the pons
»All about arousal alertness and attention
»PNS sympathetic neurotransmitter
»2 alpha and 2 beta receptor subtypes
serotonin (5ht) - monoamine - indoleamine
–Related to depression
–Raphe nuclei of the brainstem (midbrain)
–At least 7 different receptor subtypes
–SSRIs
–Recycling and degradation also involved MAOIs. This is why for a long time all monoamines were targeted in depression. Now, mix of targets for 5-HT and NE
Neuropeptides
–Co-released with other neurotransmitters
–Packaged in Golgi Complex, Cleaved
–Fast axonal tranpsort
–Vesicles not recycled
–Require higher freq AP
–Examples are Substance P, VIP, CCK, ADH, Endorphins
adenosine
–Another co-released with glutamate
–Tends to be more sedative
–Antagonist is caffeine
–Receptors are GPCRs
Nitric oxide (no)
–Gaseous neurotransmitter
–Diffuses quickly across and between cell
–Travels in many directions
–Synthesized immediately before use
Electrical synapse
gap junctions
connections
white matter
myelinated axons(cns)
tracts
axons clutered in the central nervous system
ganglion
cell bodies, usually in the pns
nerves
axons clustered and ensheathed in the pns
neurons are cells
–They have metabolic needs, like all cells
–They have similar components to other cells in the body (eg. membrane, organelles)
–They have some unique components (eg. myelin sheaths, vesicles, axons)
•NEURONS DO NOT CONTINUALLY DIVIDE
Nissl body
part of rer -protein synthesis
stains purple
neurofilaments
provide structure
microtubules
provide highways and tracts for thing to travel
axonal transport is important for
•Sending materials, nutrients from the cell body down to the axon terminal (anterograde)
–Synthesis of some neurotransmitters, synthesis of vesicles
•Taking materials from the axon terminal and sending them back up to the cell body (retrograde)
–Recycling of released materials
–Growth factors
Neurotrophins
help nerve growth and migration through retrograde support
neocortex lobes
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
limbic
major sulci and notch
- central sulcus (sulcus or rolando) - pre and post central gyrus
- lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) - temporal, parietal and frontal
- parietoocciptal sulcus - parietal and occipital
- cingulate - limbic lobe
- preoccipital notch
Frontal lobe overview
motor and metacognition
precentral gyrus
superior gyrus
middle gyrus
inferior gyrus
orbitofrontal cortex
gyrus rectus
Frontal lobe - precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex (voluntary motor control)
premotor and supplementary motor cortex (motor planning)
frontal lobe - superior gyrus
frontal eye fields (eye tracking)
frontal lobe -inferior gyrus
brocas area (speech production)
phineas gage
how frontal love contributes to personality by spike through skull
Tan
showed how frontal lobe helps creaase fluent speech, missing brocas area
Parietal lobe - lobes
- poscentral gyrus
- superior lobe
- inferior lobe - supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
- precuneus
parietal lobe - postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex (somato-sensation)
other parietal lobe functions
language comprehension (around border with temp., frontal)
spatial orentation and perception
hemi-neglect
- illustrates parietal lobes rol in spatial attention
- damage to right side of brain
homunculus
pre and post central gyrus
inferior outside around to inferior inside
head
hand
body
leg
foot
temporal lobes
superior
middle
inferior
fusiform
temporal - superior lobe
primary auditory cortex
wernickes area (understanding speech)
other temporal lobe function
ventral stream of “what?” (details in visual processing)
Occipital lobe overview
lateral occipital gyri
cuneus
lingual gyrus
Occipital lobe function
•Cuneus
–V1 (primary visual cortex)
–Area 17
•V2 (visual association cortex)
–Area 18
•Calcarine sulcus
•Occipital pole = fovea
patients with cortical blindness illustrate?
occipitals lobes role in visual perception
limbic lobe
•Cingulate gyrus
–Isthmus
•Parahippocampal gyrus
•Uncus
HM
showed us how the limbic lobe helps create new memories
damage to left side of brain
aphasia
right side brain function
visuaspatial
integration
musicality
attention
basal ganglia
subcortical sits in center of cerebrum
chains and sequences of motor activation
caudate nucleus>corpus striatum>puamen>lentiform nucleus>glovbus pallidus
dencephalon is comprised of
retina
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
thalamus role
primary gatekeeper
sensory info always goes through thalamus before cortex (1 exception)
also has homunculus
hypothalamus
king of autonoic and neuroendocrine systems
strongly connected to limbic love - emotions
brainstem is comprised of
midbrain
pons
medullat
midbrain tementum
cranial nerve nuclei
reticular formation
cranial nuclei related to occulomotor control
III, IV, V, and VI
also etends into pons and medulla
pons is composed of
basis pontis and tegmentum
basis pontis
white matter
pontine nucle
huge amounts of clusters of axons
pontine tegmentum
cranial nerve nuclei
reticular formation
micturition center
medulla has an?
open and closed portion
open medulla
tegmentum
cardiac and respiratory control centers
cranial nerve nuclei
closed medulla
white matter
cerebellum
- Receives unconscious, proprioceptive input
- Coordinates complex movements
- Measures muscle positions relative targets
- Responsible for normal gait and posture
association fibers
pass form one part of a single hemisphere to another
commissural fibers
link matching areas of the two hemispheres
projection fibers
run to subortical nuclei
corpus callosum anatomy
genu
trunk
isthmus
spenium
Men larger genu, women larger isthmus. Men decline with age, not women. Handedness changed the size in men, not in women (suggesting that women are less lateralized than men)
descending white matter pathway in brain top to bottom
1) Corona Radiata
2) Internal Capsule
3) Crus Cerebri
4) Pyramids
ascending tracts
most sensory infot that enters the cord will decussate int he brain
primary second order and third order neurons
primary afferents dont usually decussate
descending tracts
most efferent motor info decussates in the brainstam or spinal cord
upper motor neuron is what decussates
only 2, three in afferent
cranial nerve is the lower motor neuron and the upper motrom neuron crosses in brainstem
spinal nerve is the lower motor neuron and the upper neuron crosses in the spinal cord
decussation implications
•This means that most tactile/painful information that enters the brain is represented CONTRALATERALLY
•Most motor commands are generated in the brain CONTRALATERALLY
*Lower motor neurons don’t usually decussate
para pre and post
ach
ach
sympa pre and post
ach
ne
more inhibitory or excitatory
inhibitory - gaba
gad
changes glutamate to gaba
muscarinic details (ach)
more nuclear takes a little longer to work
ventral tegmental area details
eat sleep drink have sex take drugs…anything you like
cognitive part
sn coordinates the movemnt to do these things
snri
for 5th and ne
changes in aging are involved with
electrical synapses
nervous tissue tumors are from
glia bc they still divide
parietal lobes role in vision
where the visual info travels to and where we get the info about the movement of objects
fusiform
man hat
george clooney
jennifer aniston
wernickes aphasia
not forming words in mind before you say
trouble with auditory processing
word salad
occipital lobe pearls
cuneus and lingula gyrus is where you first get visual processing
lingual is superior cuneus is inferior visual fiels
v1 further back
v2 more rostral
occipital pole is closer to v1
fall directly back lose vision just in fovea
what is responsible for ocd
basal ganglia
epithalamus
pineal gland
produces melatonin along with retina
interthalamic adhesion
connect sides of thalamus
lamina terminalis
divides hypothalamus from cortex and basal ganglia
cranial nuclei in midbrain tegmentum
related to occulomotor control
III, IV, And VI
worst place to have brain damage
medulla
where is gaba located in neuron
axon hillock
pseudounipolar details
no dendrites
can keep going causing action potentials bc it doesnt have a division to make itself stop….important in pain
astrocyte process at synapse
helped develop connection between neurons and neurotransmitter conc
glucose
oxygen
atp
ca
provides vascular…most important
toxins at synapse
can cause dumpinf nt into cleft causing convulsion
glycine is
inhibitory
muscarinic takes…
longer to work they are more nuclear
d2 is
metabotropic
substantia nigra responsible for
motor
vta responsible for
thought
benadryl
histamine is unconcious
benadryl crosses bbb and you lose consciousness
adenosine sedative
concious understanding that our brain has been working and makes us tired….taken up when we sleep
viagra
cyclic gmp
electrical synapse overview
gap junctions
connexins
faster than a chemical situation
changes in aging are involved with these
hippocampus comes from
olfactory…..memory
cingulate sulcus
divides limbic from frontal and parietal
frontal is m
motor and meta (personality)
parietal lobe is somatosensory and huge in vision bc this is wehr the visual information travels to and we get info about the movement of objects
cuneus
and lingual gyrus is where you first get visual processing
lingual area is superior and cuneus is inferior visual field
v2
secondary visual cortex
more rostral
occipital pole is closer to v1
amygdala
angry, sad and afraid
parahippocampal gyrus
leads to hippocampus
uncus
leads to amygdala
limbic lobe is responsible for
learning memory and emotion
cingulate gyrus is responsible for
emotions of anxiety and dread
basal ganglia overvies
around thalamus
chains commands together
ocs
brains stem
midbrain
pons
medulla
thalamus sits on top
lamina terminalis
divides hypothalamus from cortex and basal ganglia
cerebellar pudendals
white matter that connect cerebellum to pons
Descending white matter pathway: (projection fibers)
1) Corona Radiata - funnel to thalamus
2) Internal Capsule - finds way to midbrrain
3) CrusCerebri or cerebral pudendals
4) Pyramids
These are the “freeways” cortical information uses to reach the spinal cord
same white matter just condensed or spread out
