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Neuro > Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of nervous system

A
  1. takes in sensory info (sensory neurons) 2. integrates this info (interneurons and projection neurons) Tells muscles and glands (effectors) to respond accordingly (lower or motor neurons)
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2
Q

Spinal Cord overview

A

cervical thoracic lumbar sacral only extends to L1-L2

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3
Q

PNS Overview

A

31 spinal nerves and 12 cranial nerves

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4
Q

Sensory input

A

receptor transduces energy into electrochemical signal, through pns

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5
Q

Motor output

A

electrochemical signal transduced by effector through pns

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6
Q

PNS somatic

A

skeletal muscle, voluntary

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7
Q

PNS autonomic

A

smooth muscle, visceral, automatic

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8
Q

Sympathetic

A

flight or flight

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9
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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10
Q

rostral

A

towards the top of the head before flexing of brain

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11
Q

caudal

A

toward bottom before flexure

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12
Q

brain dorsal

A

superior

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13
Q

brain ventral

A

inferior

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14
Q

spinal cord dorsal

A

posterior

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15
Q

spinal cord ventral

A

anterior

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16
Q

anterior and posterior is the same as? in the brain

A

anterior posterior

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17
Q

cell types in nervous tissue

A

neurons glia oligodendrocytes schwann cells astrocytes microglia ependymal cells

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18
Q

Neuron types

A

Unipolar

  • 2 Bipolar
  • 3 Multipolar - dendrites have primary, secondary, etc branches

–Most neurons

•4 Pseudounipolar - no dendrites

–Dorsal root ganglia

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19
Q

Glial cells more than just glue

Tri-part synapes

A

cells of the nervous sytem need oxygen, nutrients, heat, etc

presynaptic, postsynaptic and astrocyted process - astrocytes provide glue, atp, recycle glutamate, regulate ca2+

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20
Q

synapse

A

both neurons, dont confuse with the synaptic cleft

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21
Q

subsynaptic web

A

postsynaptic density

collection of receptors and scaffolding proteins that hold thme in place so that they are localized and ready for the signal

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22
Q

Glutamate ionotropic

A
  1. ampa - na influx
  2. kainate - na influx
  3. nmda - requires depolarization, some mg and then na and ca influx in addtion to glutamate binding (learning memory and epilepsy - too much antieptipleptic can cause retardation
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23
Q

glutamate metabotropic

A

big variation over 100 subtypes

mglurs

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24
Q

glutamate can be?

A

excitotoxic

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25
Q

GABA

A

most prevalent inhibitory nt

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26
Q

gaba ionotropic

A

GAba -a

cl influx

benzos and alcohol are agonists

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27
Q

gaba metabtropic

A
  1. gaba-b gpcr and 2nd messengers
  2. girk channels trigger ipsps by expelling k
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28
Q

glycine

A

found all through the body, particularly active in spinal cord

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29
Q

acetylcholine

A

•All motoneurons on skeletal muscle use Ach.
•Come from acetyl coA and choline. Use the enzyme CHAT (choline acetyl transferase)
•Degraded by acetyl cholinesterase.
•Nicotinic (ionotropic)—skeletal muscle. Na+ and Ca2+ influx.
–More nicotonic in PNS
•Muscarinic (metabotropic).
More muscarinic in CNS

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30
Q

Otto lowi’s classic experiment

A

Donor heart:

stimulate vagus

heart rate slows

remove fluid sample

Recipient heart:

add fluid to recipient heart

heart rate slows

soup mehtod

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31
Q

myathenia gravis

A
  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Antibodies against nicotinic receptors
  • Production of Ach is normal
  • Progressively weaker with repeated muscle contractions
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are treatment target
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32
Q

Dopamine - monoamine

A

»D1 (Excitatory) and D2 (Inhibitory) receptors
»GPCRs
»Two major areas are from SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA)

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33
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

addiction and schizophrenia

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34
Q

norepi-monoamine-catecholamine

A

»Produced in the Locus Ceruleus in the pons
»All about arousal alertness and attention
»PNS sympathetic neurotransmitter
»2 alpha and 2 beta receptor subtypes

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35
Q

serotonin (5ht) - monoamine - indoleamine

A

–Related to depression
–Raphe nuclei of the brainstem (midbrain)
–At least 7 different receptor subtypes
–SSRIs
–Recycling and degradation also involved MAOIs. This is why for a long time all monoamines were targeted in depression. Now, mix of targets for 5-HT and NE

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36
Q

Neuropeptides

A

–Co-released with other neurotransmitters
–Packaged in Golgi Complex, Cleaved
–Fast axonal tranpsort
–Vesicles not recycled
–Require higher freq AP
–Examples are Substance P, VIP, CCK, ADH, Endorphins

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37
Q

adenosine

A

–Another co-released with glutamate
–Tends to be more sedative
–Antagonist is caffeine
–Receptors are GPCRs

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38
Q

Nitric oxide (no)

A

–Gaseous neurotransmitter
–Diffuses quickly across and between cell
–Travels in many directions
–Synthesized immediately before use

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39
Q

Electrical synapse

A

gap junctions

connections

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40
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons(cns)

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41
Q

tracts

A

axons clutered in the central nervous system

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42
Q

ganglion

A

cell bodies, usually in the pns

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43
Q

nerves

A

axons clustered and ensheathed in the pns

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44
Q

neurons are cells

A

–They have metabolic needs, like all cells
–They have similar components to other cells in the body (eg. membrane, organelles)
–They have some unique components (eg. myelin sheaths, vesicles, axons)
•NEURONS DO NOT CONTINUALLY DIVIDE

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45
Q

Nissl body

A

part of rer -protein synthesis

stains purple

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46
Q

neurofilaments

A

provide structure

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47
Q

microtubules

A

provide highways and tracts for thing to travel

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48
Q

axonal transport is important for

A

•Sending materials, nutrients from the cell body down to the axon terminal (anterograde)
–Synthesis of some neurotransmitters, synthesis of vesicles
•Taking materials from the axon terminal and sending them back up to the cell body (retrograde)
–Recycling of released materials
–Growth factors

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49
Q

Neurotrophins

A

help nerve growth and migration through retrograde support

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50
Q

neocortex lobes

A

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

limbic

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51
Q

major sulci and notch

A
  1. central sulcus (sulcus or rolando) - pre and post central gyrus
  2. lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) - temporal, parietal and frontal
  3. parietoocciptal sulcus - parietal and occipital
  4. cingulate - limbic lobe
  5. preoccipital notch
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52
Q

Frontal lobe overview

A

motor and metacognition

precentral gyrus

superior gyrus

middle gyrus

inferior gyrus

                          orbitofrontal cortex

              gyrus rectus
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53
Q

Frontal lobe - precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex (voluntary motor control)

premotor and supplementary motor cortex (motor planning)

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54
Q

frontal lobe - superior gyrus

A

frontal eye fields (eye tracking)

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55
Q

frontal lobe -inferior gyrus

A

brocas area (speech production)

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56
Q

phineas gage

A

how frontal love contributes to personality by spike through skull

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57
Q

Tan

A

showed how frontal lobe helps creaase fluent speech, missing brocas area

58
Q

Parietal lobe - lobes

A
  1. poscentral gyrus
  2. superior lobe
  3. inferior lobe - supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
  4. precuneus
59
Q

parietal lobe - postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex (somato-sensation)

60
Q

other parietal lobe functions

A

language comprehension (around border with temp., frontal)

spatial orentation and perception

61
Q

hemi-neglect

A
  1. illustrates parietal lobes rol in spatial attention
  2. damage to right side of brain
62
Q

homunculus

A

pre and post central gyrus

inferior outside around to inferior inside

head

hand

body

leg

foot

63
Q

temporal lobes

A

superior

middle

inferior

fusiform

64
Q

temporal - superior lobe

A

primary auditory cortex

wernickes area (understanding speech)

65
Q

other temporal lobe function

A

ventral stream of “what?” (details in visual processing)

66
Q

Occipital lobe overview

A

lateral occipital gyri

cuneus

lingual gyrus

67
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

•Cuneus
–V1 (primary visual cortex)
–Area 17
•V2 (visual association cortex)
–Area 18
•Calcarine sulcus
•Occipital pole = fovea

68
Q

patients with cortical blindness illustrate?

A

occipitals lobes role in visual perception

69
Q

limbic lobe

A

•Cingulate gyrus
–Isthmus
•Parahippocampal gyrus
•Uncus

70
Q

HM

A

showed us how the limbic lobe helps create new memories

71
Q

damage to left side of brain

A

aphasia

72
Q

right side brain function

A

visuaspatial

integration

musicality

attention

73
Q

basal ganglia

A

subcortical sits in center of cerebrum

chains and sequences of motor activation

caudate nucleus>corpus striatum>puamen>lentiform nucleus>glovbus pallidus

74
Q

dencephalon is comprised of

A

retina

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

subthalamus

75
Q

thalamus role

A

primary gatekeeper

sensory info always goes through thalamus before cortex (1 exception)

also has homunculus

76
Q

hypothalamus

A

king of autonoic and neuroendocrine systems

strongly connected to limbic love - emotions

77
Q

brainstem is comprised of

A

midbrain

pons

medullat

78
Q

midbrain tementum

A

cranial nerve nuclei

reticular formation

cranial nuclei related to occulomotor control

III, IV, V, and VI

also etends into pons and medulla

79
Q

pons is composed of

A

basis pontis and tegmentum

80
Q

basis pontis

A

white matter

pontine nucle

huge amounts of clusters of axons

81
Q

pontine tegmentum

A

cranial nerve nuclei

reticular formation

micturition center

82
Q

medulla has an?

A

open and closed portion

83
Q

open medulla

A

tegmentum

cardiac and respiratory control centers

cranial nerve nuclei

84
Q

closed medulla

A

white matter

85
Q

cerebellum

A
  • Receives unconscious, proprioceptive input
  • Coordinates complex movements
  • Measures muscle positions relative targets
  • Responsible for normal gait and posture
86
Q

association fibers

A

pass form one part of a single hemisphere to another

87
Q

commissural fibers

A

link matching areas of the two hemispheres

88
Q

projection fibers

A

run to subortical nuclei

89
Q

corpus callosum anatomy

A

genu

trunk

isthmus

spenium

Men larger genu, women larger isthmus. Men decline with age, not women. Handedness changed the size in men, not in women (suggesting that women are less lateralized than men)

90
Q

descending white matter pathway in brain top to bottom

A

1) Corona Radiata
2) Internal Capsule
3) Crus Cerebri
4) Pyramids

91
Q

ascending tracts

A

most sensory infot that enters the cord will decussate int he brain

primary second order and third order neurons

primary afferents dont usually decussate

92
Q

descending tracts

A

most efferent motor info decussates in the brainstam or spinal cord

upper motor neuron is what decussates

only 2, three in afferent

cranial nerve is the lower motor neuron and the upper motrom neuron crosses in brainstem

spinal nerve is the lower motor neuron and the upper neuron crosses in the spinal cord

93
Q

decussation implications

A

•This means that most tactile/painful information that enters the brain is represented CONTRALATERALLY
•Most motor commands are generated in the brain CONTRALATERALLY
*Lower motor neurons don’t usually decussate

94
Q

para pre and post

A

ach

ach

95
Q

sympa pre and post

A

ach

ne

96
Q

more inhibitory or excitatory

A

inhibitory - gaba

97
Q

gad

A

changes glutamate to gaba

98
Q

muscarinic details (ach)

A

more nuclear takes a little longer to work

99
Q

ventral tegmental area details

A

eat sleep drink have sex take drugs…anything you like

cognitive part

sn coordinates the movemnt to do these things

100
Q

snri

A

for 5th and ne

101
Q

changes in aging are involved with

A

electrical synapses

102
Q

nervous tissue tumors are from

A

glia bc they still divide

103
Q

parietal lobes role in vision

A

where the visual info travels to and where we get the info about the movement of objects

104
Q

fusiform

A

man hat

george clooney

jennifer aniston

105
Q

wernickes aphasia

A

not forming words in mind before you say

trouble with auditory processing

word salad

106
Q

occipital lobe pearls

A

cuneus and lingula gyrus is where you first get visual processing

lingual is superior cuneus is inferior visual fiels

v1 further back

v2 more rostral

occipital pole is closer to v1

fall directly back lose vision just in fovea

107
Q

what is responsible for ocd

A

basal ganglia

108
Q

epithalamus

A

pineal gland

produces melatonin along with retina

109
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

connect sides of thalamus

110
Q

lamina terminalis

A

divides hypothalamus from cortex and basal ganglia

111
Q

cranial nuclei in midbrain tegmentum

A

related to occulomotor control

III, IV, And VI

112
Q

worst place to have brain damage

A

medulla

113
Q

where is gaba located in neuron

A

axon hillock

114
Q

pseudounipolar details

A

no dendrites

can keep going causing action potentials bc it doesnt have a division to make itself stop….important in pain

115
Q

astrocyte process at synapse

A

helped develop connection between neurons and neurotransmitter conc

glucose

oxygen

atp

ca

provides vascular…most important

116
Q

toxins at synapse

A

can cause dumpinf nt into cleft causing convulsion

117
Q

glycine is

A

inhibitory

118
Q

muscarinic takes…

A

longer to work they are more nuclear

119
Q

d2 is

A

metabotropic

120
Q

substantia nigra responsible for

A

motor

121
Q

vta responsible for

A

thought

122
Q

benadryl

A

histamine is unconcious

benadryl crosses bbb and you lose consciousness

123
Q

adenosine sedative

A

concious understanding that our brain has been working and makes us tired….taken up when we sleep

124
Q

viagra

A

cyclic gmp

125
Q

electrical synapse overview

A

gap junctions

connexins

faster than a chemical situation

changes in aging are involved with these

126
Q

hippocampus comes from

A

olfactory…..memory

127
Q

cingulate sulcus

A

divides limbic from frontal and parietal

128
Q

frontal is m

A

motor and meta (personality)

parietal lobe is somatosensory and huge in vision bc this is wehr the visual information travels to and we get info about the movement of objects

129
Q

cuneus

A

and lingual gyrus is where you first get visual processing

lingual area is superior and cuneus is inferior visual field

130
Q

v2

A

secondary visual cortex

more rostral

occipital pole is closer to v1

131
Q

amygdala

A

angry, sad and afraid

132
Q

parahippocampal gyrus

A

leads to hippocampus

133
Q

uncus

A

leads to amygdala

134
Q

limbic lobe is responsible for

A

learning memory and emotion

135
Q

cingulate gyrus is responsible for

A

emotions of anxiety and dread

136
Q

basal ganglia overvies

A

around thalamus

chains commands together

ocs

137
Q

brains stem

A

midbrain

pons

medulla

thalamus sits on top

138
Q

lamina terminalis

A

divides hypothalamus from cortex and basal ganglia

139
Q

cerebellar pudendals

A

white matter that connect cerebellum to pons

140
Q

Descending white matter pathway: (projection fibers)

A

1) Corona Radiata - funnel to thalamus
2) Internal Capsule - finds way to midbrrain
3) CrusCerebri or cerebral pudendals
4) Pyramids

These are the “freeways” cortical information uses to reach the spinal cord

same white matter just condensed or spread out

Neuro (10 decks)

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