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Neuro 1 > Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

CNS gray matter

A

Cell bodies

  • found in columns
  • “nuclei”
  • “cortex”
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2
Q

CNS white matter

A 
cell processes (myelin sheath)
- found in tracts (fasciculi, funiculi)
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3
Q

Schwann cells

A

cover nearly all PNS neurons

- provide metabolic support and electrical insulation

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4
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate several axons in the CNS

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5
Q

Astrocytes

A

CNS glia that form end feet, help regulate ions and form scar tissue
- surround blood vessels

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6
Q

Ependymal cells

A

CNS glia that line ventricles

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7
Q

Microglia

A

CNS glia that act as cleaners

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8
Q

Medulla

A

lowest portion of brain stem

- important in vital reflexes (CV and respiratory)

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9
Q

Pons

A

“gatekeeper of the brain”

  • has cerebellar peduncles (flowery process: a nerve tract that permits communication between the cerebellum and the other parts of the central nervous system.)
  • tegmentum: forms the floor of the midbrain
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10
Q

Midbrain

A
  • imp. for vital reflexes
  • Has cerebral peduncles
  • Tectum: forms the roof
  • superior colliculi: visual relay
  • inferior colliculi: auditory relay
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11
Q

thalamus

A

part of diencephalon

  • two sides: left and right side
  • forms lateral borders of third ventricle
  • primary fn: relay of ALL sensory info to cerebral cortex “ post office “
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12
Q

hypothalamic sulcus

A

a groove in lateral wall of third ventricle, marking the boundary between the thalamus and hypothalamus.

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13
Q

hypothalamus

A

Components:

  • forms floor of 3rd ventricle
  • infundibulum
  • two mammilary bodies
  • master regulator of ANS
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14
Q

frontal lobe of cerebrum

A
  • MOTOR: primary motor cortex located here

Components

  • premotor and supplementary motor cx’s
  • Broca’s area: area in left frontal lobe that works in motor speech
  • precentral, superior, middle, inferior gyri
  • gyrus rectus
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15
Q

Pareital lobe

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex (postecentral gyrus): initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive information

components:
- postcentral gyrus
- superior parietal lobe
- inferior parietal lobe: supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus, Wernickes area (made of supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus - language comprehension)

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16
Q

temporal lobe

A

located laterally

  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area
  • higher order visual processing
  • learning and memory (hippocampus)

components: superior/middle/inferior gyri

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17
Q

Occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex (initial spot where all visual sensory will go)

Components:

  • Cuneus (superior portion)
  • lingual gyrus (inferior portion)
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18
Q

Limbic lobe

A

deeper lobe, located beneath the outer cortex

  • emotional responses, drive related behavior, memory

Components: cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus

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19
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain” - flowerly mass located caudal to brainstem
Primary fn: coordination

Components:

  • vermin: midline worm
  • 2 lateral hemispheres
20
Q

two separate routes to get blood into cranial vault?

A

internal carotid aa. and vertebral aa.

  • internal carotid a. enters skull at carotid canal to join cerebral arterial circle
  • 3 cortical branches, deep perforating branches.
21
Q

basilar aa.

A

single a. where the two vertebral aa. joint and enter through foramen magnum
- sits on ventral aspect of pons

22
Q

The blood brain barrier

A
  • set up by tight junctions between endothelial cells: endothelial cells are without pores or fenestrations
  • space between intravascular space and CNS ECF
  • astrocytic end feet INDUCE the formation of tight junctions (they do not form it)
23
Q

What can pass through the Blood-brain barrier?

A
  • small molecues (s)
24
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

choroid plexus: ventricles are site of CSF production

25
Q

ventricular system?

A
  • 4 ventricles in brain that are continuous with the central canal
  • continuous with SAS (subarachnoid space- anatomic space between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater.)
  • ventricles are site of CSF production via choroid plexus
  • lined with ependymal cells (ciliated epithelial cells that can move fluid)
26
Q

boundaries of lateral ventricle?

A 
Roof: corpus collosum
Floor: thalamus
lateral wall: caudate nucleus
Roof of inferior horn: tail of caudate
floor of inferior horn: hippocampus
27
Q

boundaries of third ventricle?

A

lateral walls: diencephalon

Floor: optic chiasm and infundibulum

28
Q

Mesencephalic aqueduct

A

connection of 3rd–>4th ventricle

- no choroid plexus

29
Q

boundaries of 4th ventricle?

A

roof: cerebellum
floor: pons/medulla
3 openings to SAS: median (x1), lateral (x2)

30
Q

important facts of CSF:

A

produced from blood via choroid plexus

  • protects CNS, gives buoyancy, decreases weight
  • extracellular fluid
  • pH influcences respiratory centers
  • active and selective production
  • passive reabsorption back into venus-sinus system (dependent on pressure gradient- if perturbed, will have hydrocephalus)
31
Q

choroid plexus

A

located at roof of every ventricle

  • choroid epithelium is continuous with ependymal cells lining ventricles
  • they are modified epindymal cells: tight junctions, forming blood CSF barrier
  • ependymal cells of choroid epithelium surround fenestrated capillaries
  • free exchange occurs between capillary and choroid eptiehlium
32
Q

CSF circulation?

A

from lateral ventricle –> interventricular foramen –> third ventricle –> aqueduct of midbrain –> 4th ventricle –> subarachnoid space (which suspends the brain), and all the way around spinal cord

32
Q

CSF circulation?

A

from lateral ventricle –> interventricular foramen –> third ventricle –> aqueduct of midbrain –> 4th ventricle –> subarachnoid space (which suspends the brain), and all the way around spinal cord

33
Q

how does CSF return to venous blood?

A

arachnoid villa (arachnoid granulation) is the site of CSF reabsorption.

  • CSF in SAS will travel through arachnoid granulations which poke into venous sinus system of brain: they have one way valves that are pressure dependent. If pressure is high in SAS, the CSF will flow into the venus-sinus system and will be reabsorbed.
  • if there is increased jugular venous pressure, there will be less shunting of CSF, and thus increased CSF pressure
33
Q

how does CSF return to venous blood?

A

arachnoid villa (arachnoid granulation) is the site of CSF reabsorption.

  • CSF in SAS will travel through arachnoid granulations which poke into venous sinus system of brain: they have one way valves that are pressure dependent. If pressure is high in SAS, the CSF will flow into the venus-sinus system and will be reabsorbed.
  • if there is increased jugular venous pressure, there will be less shunting of CSF, and thus increased CSF pressure
34
Q

primary affarents

A

primary affarents convey info TO CNS from periphery

  • Cell body is outside CNS in peripheral ganglion
  • NEVER decussate, always stay ipsilateral
    (in body, cell body usually located in dorsal root ganglia)
35
Q

contralateral awareness

A

information from right side of body is sent to the left Cx

- at some point somatosensory info will have to decussate on its path up to cortex.

36
Q

Somatosensory inputs

A

(sensation from skin and proprioceptive information)

  • primary affarents are divergent (will give off hundreds of branches)
  • i.e. info sent in reflex arcs, sent to Cx via thalamus for conscious feeling, info to cerebellum to coordinate mvmt.
37
Q

Decussation

A

somatosensory pathways decussate contralaterally, somewhere between origin and destination.

38
Q

LMNs

A
  • axons of Lower motor neurons convey info from CNS to mm.
  • this is the FINAL COMMON PATHWAY
  • Cell bodies are located in CNS (for spinal cord will be in ventral horn, for cranial nn. it will be in named nuclei in brainstem.)
  • never decussate
39
Q

contralateral control

A

the left cortex (cerebral hemisphere) controls the right side of the body

40
Q

UMNs

A

upper motor neurons are any neuron whose activity affects a LMN

  • located in cerebral cx or brainstem
  • major pathways decussate (corticospinal tract travels from cortex to spinal cord) - main voluntary pathway that will decussate between origin and destination
41
Q

shortest path

A

2 neurons
UMN will decussate
LMN will remain ipsilateral

42
Q

Homunculus

A

primary motor cortex is somatotopically arranged

43
Q

wiring principles of cerebellum

A

“little brain”

  • info. comes in from ipsilateral side
  • coordinates ipsilateral side
  • coordinates rate, range, force (not conscious control)
  • acts as a “comparator”
  • alcohol has effect on cerebellum
44
Q

sensory wiring principles?

A

audition: bilateral
olfaction: ipsilateral
gustation: ipsilateral
visceral: ipsilateral

45
Q

Motor wiring principles?

A

vestibulospinal: ipsi and bi
tectospinal: bilateral (“visual reflexes”: midbrain to spinal cord)
Reticulospinal: ipsi and bi (loose aggregate of cell bodies located throughout the brainstem)

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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