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Neuro 1 > Embryo: pharyngeal arches and dev. of neural system > Flashcards

Embryo: pharyngeal arches and dev. of neural system Flashcards

1
Q

arch 1

A

trigeminal n

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2
Q

arch 2

A

facial n.

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3
Q

arch 3

A

glossopharyngeal n.

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4
Q

arch 4

A

vagus n.

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5
Q

arch 6

A

vagus n (mostly recurrent laryngeal branch)

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6
Q

what are only 4 nn. with an SVE component

A

arches 1-4: trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

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7
Q

what are three component of pharyngeal apparatus?

A
  1. pharyngeal clefts: external invagination of ectoderm found between arches (4)
  2. pharyngeal arches: large blocks of mesenchyme (neural crest and mesoderm) forming on lateral pharynx. (6)
  3. pharyngeal pouches: internal evagination of pharyngeal endoderm- forms between arches (4)
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8
Q

pharyngeal arches

A
  • core of mesenchyme (neural crest and paraxial mesoderm)
  • neural crest –> CT components
  • paraxial mesoderm –> muscles
  • each arch has its own cranial n. and blood supply (aortic arch artery)
  • 6 initially devleop, but the 5th regresses.
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9
Q

Arch 1, what does it form? what nerve is formed?

A

FORMS FACE:

  1. skeletal derivatives: viscerocranium (malleus, incus) and CT of face
  2. muscular derivatives: muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial, lateral pterygoids), anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatinin
  3. NERVE: TRIGEMINAL NERVE CN V3
  4. oropharyngeal membrane develops b/w the two processes of first arch (will rupture to allow for communication of pharynx and oral cavity)
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10
Q

Arch 2, what does it form? what nerve?

A

FACIAL EXPRESSION

  1. skeletal: stapes, styloid process of temproal bone, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and superior body of hyoid
  2. muscular: MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION, stylohyoid, post. belly of digastric, spaedius
  3. NERVE: FACIAL NERVE CN VII
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11
Q

Arch 3, what does it form? innervation?

A
  1. skeletal: greater horn and inferior portion of body of hyoid
  2. Muscular: stylopharyngeus
  3. NERVE: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL CN IX
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12
Q

Arch 4: what does it form? innervation?

A
  1. skeletal: with 6th arch, forms all laryngeal cartilages
  2. muscular derivatives: muscles of pharynx; cricothyroid
  3. NERVE: VAGUS N. CN X
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13
Q

Arch 6: what does it form? innervation/

A

skeletal: laryngeal cartilages with arch 4
muscular: laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid); skeletal muscle of esophagus
NERVE: VAGUS N. CNX (recurrent laryngeal n.)

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14
Q

pouch 1?

A

middle ear and auditory tube

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15
Q

pouch 2?

A

stroma of palatine tonsil; tonsillar fossa

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16
Q

pouch 3?

A

dorsal portion: inferior parathyroid glands

ventral portion: thymus

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17
Q

pouch 4?

A

dorsaL superior PTH glands

ventral: C cells, parafollicular cells and ultimobranchial body

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18
Q

first cleft forms?

A

external ear

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19
Q

remnants of clefts 2-4?

A

form the cervical sinus which is later obliterated

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20
Q

what is thyroid gland development consist of?

A
  • derived from median endodermal thickening of pharyngeal floor. gland descneds along the pharynx into the neck, remaining connected to tongue via the thyroglossal duct which will later degenerate
  • superior opening of thyroglossal duct remains as foramen cecum
  • pyramidal lobe is remnant of distal thyroglossal duct
  • parafollicular cells are derived from 4th pouch
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21
Q

how does tongue develop?

A

1st pharyngeal arch forms the body (anterior 2/3 of tongue) - GSA from trigeminal n. b/c its ectodermally derived

3rd arch forms root (posterior 1/3 of tongue) - GVA from glossopharyngeal n. because its endoderm

4th arch forms the epiglottic region of tongue (GVA from vagus n. b/c formed from endoderm)

muscle of tongue is formed from paraxial mesoderm of occipital somites

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22
Q

lateral cervical cysts

A

form when the cervical sinus fails to degernerate, these cyts are found on the ANTERIOR BORDER OF THE SCM
“ectopic glandular tissue”

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23
Q

branchial fistulas

A

occur when second arch fails to overgrow the third and fourth arches. the cervical sinus retains a connection with the surface (external fistula) in rare cases the lateral cervical cyst can open into the pharynx (internal fistula)

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24
Q

thyroglossal cyst

A

remanant of thyroglossal duct, ALWAYS LOCATED ON OR NEAR MIDLINE OF NECK

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25
Q

neural crest cell defects

A

result in severe craniofacial defects due to disruption of neural crest cell migration

26
Q

DiGeorge anomaly

A 
deletion of long arm of chromosome 22
cardiac abnormalities
craniofacial defects
thymic hypoplasia
PTH dysfuction
27
Q

how does neural tube form? what does it form?

A

forms the CNS: brain and spinal cord

  1. begins with formation of neural plate
  2. lateral edges form neural groove
  3. forms neural tube
28
Q

what do neural crest cells form?

A

form the PNS

- arise from neuroectoderm as neural tube is closing, and migrate into underlying mesoderm

29
Q

cranial neural crest cells?

A

form bones cartilage, fascia and tendons of face and neck

- sensory gangli and autonomic ganglia

30
Q

spinal neural crest cells form?

A
  • dorsal root ganglia
  • autonomic ganglia
  • heart
31
Q

what do both cranial and psinal neural crest cells form?

A

meninges, schwann cells, melanocytes

32
Q

what are three levels of neural tube formation?

A

ventricular, mantle zone, marginal zone

33
Q

what does ventricular zone form?

A
  • forms ependymal cells (innermost layer)
    embryo: thick, psudostratified epithelium called neuroepithelium will give rise to all neurons and most glia of spinal cord
    adult: simple layer of ependymal cells (b/c adult cells are growing)
34
Q

what does mantle zone form?

A
  • forms gray matter
  • this zone is superficial to neuroepithelium and is composed of neuronal cell bodies
    • Alar plate: forms sensory, dorsal horn
    • basal plate: forms motor, ventral horn
35
Q

what does marginal zone form?

A
  • forms white matter, outermost layer

- composed of nerve axons and dendrites

36
Q

what do neuroblasts form?

A
  • derived from neuroepithelium

- form ventral motor horn neurons and dorsal sensory horn neurons

37
Q

what do gliablasts form?

A
  • derived from neuroeptiehlium

- form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

38
Q

how do spinal nn develop?

A

ventral nerve root and dorsal nerve root component
- dorsal root forms muscles and skin of back
ventral rami forms limbs and ventral body wall
- dorsal root ganglia are derived from neural crest

39
Q

what does telencephalon form?

A

forebrain of neural tube –> telencephalon –>

  • CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
  • BASAL NUCLEI
  • cavities of lateral ventricles
  • in cerebral hemispheres, gray matter is superficial and white matter is deep. Youngest cells are found most superficial because waves of neuroblasts migrate through marginal zone (6 generations of neurons) - radial glial cells allow for ladders that neurons can migrate to cerebral cortex through.
40
Q

what does forebrain of neural tube form?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

41
Q

what does midbrain of neural tube form?

A

mesencephalon

42
Q

what does hindbrain of neural tube form?

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

43
Q

diencephalon forms?

A
  • FORMS THALAMUS, wall of diencephalon
  • HYPOTHALAMUS, floor of diencephalon
  • NEUROHYPOPHYSIS: downgrowth of diencephalon forms posterior pituitary gland
  • cavities of THIRD VENTRICLE
  • epithalamus (roof) - forms PINEAL GLAND
  • OPTIC NERVE and retina
44
Q

mesencephalon forms?

A

FORMS MIDBRAIN and cavities of aqueduct

45
Q

metencephalon forms?

A

FORMS PONS and CEREBELLUM

upper part of fourth ventricle

46
Q

myelencephalon forms?

A

MEDULLA and lower part of fourth ventricle

  • pontine flexure causes the dorsal portion of medualla to be displaced laterally
  • basal plates form distinct motor nuclei associated with cranial nn.
  • alar plates form sensory nuclei of Cranial nn.
  • primarily associated with CN VIII, IX, X, XII
47
Q

what are three primary brain vesicles formed from neural tube?

A

prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - hindbrain

48
Q

choroid plexus formation?

A

tela chorieda (pia mater and ependymal layer of cells) proliferates and invaginates into ventricles. These develop in the roofs of third and fourth ventricle and medial walls of lateral ventricles.

49
Q

how is brainstem similar to spinal cord?

A

composed of mesencephalon and rhombencephalon

similar….
dorsal (alar) plate forms sensory
ventral (basal) plate forms motor

different….. gray matter arranged into discrete nuclei as compared to columns in spinal cord. also sensory nuclei are displaced laterally due to pontine flexure

50
Q

5 secondary brain vesicles?

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesenceaphlon
metencphalon
myelinceephalon
51
Q

where will you generally find nuclei?

A

find sensory nuclei more dorsal and lateral, motor nuclei more medial and ventral

52
Q

how does cerebellum form?

A
  • formed from alar plates of metencephlaon “rhombic lips”, which will fuse together to form cerebellar plate. (forms entire cerebellum)
  • waves of neuroblasts will migrate from alar plate layer to form the outer cerebellar cortex. thus, gray matter is external, white matter is internal.
53
Q

what nerve forms from telecencephalon?

A

olfactory nerve (I) - smell project directly to cerebral hemisphere

54
Q

nerve formed from diencephalon?

A

Optic nerve II

55
Q

nerve formed from mesencephalon?

A

oculomotor III, Trochlea IV

56
Q

Metencephalon forms what nerve?

A

trigeminal V

abducencs VI

57
Q

myelencephalon forms what nerves

A 
facial VII
vestibulocochlea VIII
glossopharyngeal
vagus X
hypoglossal XI
58
Q

spina bifida

A

neural tube doesn’t fully close posteriorly, bony structure doesn’t close

spina bifida occulta: no neural involvment

meningocele: through bony defect meningeal involvement
meningomyolcele: spinal nerves, CSF and meninges involved

59
Q

anencephaly and meroencephaly

A

** most severe **

failure of brain to form because cranial neuropore does not close

60
Q

encephalocele: three types?

A

“spina bifida of brain”

  • failure of neural tube and cranium to fully close posteriorly
  • often occurs at foramen magnum or lambda
  • meningocele: only meninges bulge through defect in skull
  • meningoencephalocele: meninges and part of brain bulge through defect
  • meingohydroencephalocele: meninges, brain and part of ventricular system bulge through defect
61
Q

congenital hydrocephalus

A

“water on the brain”
ventricles are overfilled with CSF, resulting from imbalance b/w production and absorption of CSF (most often due to blockage)
- results in dilation of ventricles, causes skull to expand because sutures are not yet fused.
- often produces thinning of bones of calvaria
** most common at foramen monroe and cerebral aqueduct **
tx: insert canula into ventricle system

62
Q

Arnold-chiari syndrome

A

herniation of cerebellar hemisphrere through foramen magnum due to underdevelopment of posterior cranial fossa.
- often associated with spina bifida cystica

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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