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Neuroscience > Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of nervous system

A

1.CNS (brain and spinal cord)
2. PNS (nerves and ganglia)

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2
Q

Function of nervous system

A

-allow the animal to detect stimuli and to respond to changes in the environment
(External: temperature, pressure/pain,etc. ; internal: blood pressure)

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3
Q

Steps of nervous system

A
  1. Detect sensation (PNS)
  2. Integrate and interpret (CNS)
  3. Behavioural response (PNS)- Important because in vet med, this is the only thing that we can actually see and interpret
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4
Q

Neuron

A

-a cell body and its processes (axon and dendrites)

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5
Q

Nerve vs. Tract

A
  • Nerve: A bundle of axons within the PNS (myelinated vs. unmyelinated)
  • Tract: a bundle of axons within the CNS
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6
Q

Ganglion vs. nucleus

A

-Ganglion (“Knot”): collection of nerve cell bodies forming a gross enlargement outside of the CNS

-Nucleus: collection of cell bodies within the CNS

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7
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

-Sensory
-Motor

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8
Q

Sensory peripheral nerves

A

-afferent
-carrying to CNS

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9
Q

Motor peripheral nerves

A

-efferent
-carrying from CNS

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10
Q

Peripheral nerve

A

-a bundle of axons (mixture of motor and sensory)

**When we say “sensory” or “motor” nerve, it is indicating what type there is more of but there is actually both types

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11
Q

Synapse

A

-a structure/connection between 2 neurons that allows the transfer of information

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12
Q

Spinal cord

A

-the neural connection from the brain to the peripheral body

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13
Q

How do spinal nerves exit the CNS?

A

-spinal nerves exit the CNS via the intervertebral foramen

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14
Q

Sections of spinal nerves

A

-cervical
-thoracic
-lumbar
-sacral
-coccygeal

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15
Q

Cervical spinal nerves of dogs/cats

A

-8
-one more than vertebrae

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16
Q

Thoracic spinal nerves of dogs/cats

A

13

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17
Q

Lumbar spinal nerves of dogs/cats

A

7

18
Q

Sacral spinal nerves of dogs/cats

A

3

19
Q

Coccygeal spinal nerves of dogs/cats

A

-approx 5 (depends on short vs. long tails)

20
Q

Where do spinal nerves arise?

A

Will arise from the corresponding spinal segments

-cranial spinal nerves emerge cranial to the bone (*Reason for 7 vertebrae and 8 spinal nerves)
-thoracic spinal nerves emerge caudal to the bone

21
Q

Where do sacral segments occur?

A

within the vertebra of L5

22
Q

Where does the functional spinal cord terminate?

A

-at the L6-7 vertebral junction
-can be one segment more caudally in smaller cats/dogs (less than 7kg)
-terminates closer to the L1 in humans

23
Q

Spinal Nerves and Nerves of the PNS

A

-spinal nerves combine in certain regions to form the named nerves in the PNS
-ex. C7,C8, T1= radial nerve
-ex. L4,L5,L6=femoral nerve

24
Q

Plexus or intumescence

A

Regions of the emerging spinal nerves that are closely associated and form a dense, intersecting network of nerves

-ex. brachial plexus/cervical intumescence
-ex. lumbosacral plexus/lumbar intumescence

25
Q

Grey vs. white matter

A

-Grey: neuronal cell bodies
-White: myelinated axons

26
Q

Greatest amount of white matter

A

-cervical region

27
Q

Proportionally more grey matter

A

-lumbosacral region

28
Q

Spinal cord enlargements

A

Spinal cord enlargements in the cervical (C6-T2) and lumbar regions (L4-S1)

-Intumescense corresponds to an increase in the number of cell bodies required to innervate and control the limbs

29
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

-12 paired nerves emerging from the brain and brainstem
-not arranged segmentally
- function as sensory and motor to the head and neck

30
Q

Nervous system breakdown

A

-CNS vs. PNS
- CNS (brain and spinal cord)
-PNS (cranial/peripheral nerves  Sensory (afferents) vs. Motor (efferents)
-Motor (efferents) broken down into Somatic vs. Autonomic (visceral)
- Autonomic (visceral) broken down into Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

31
Q

Motor Neuron components

A

-Dendrites
-cell body in CNS
-nucleus
-axon
-terminal axon branches
-axonal end feet/end plates (synapse on individual muscle fibers)
-motor output out of CNS

32
Q

Sensory neuron components

A

-Cell body in PNS
-Axon into CNS and another axon out of CNS
-Sensory input into CNS

33
Q

Similarities between motor and sensory neurons

A
  • have portions located in the PNS with synapse into CNS
  • myelinated axons
  • long distance transmission of information
34
Q

Differences between motor and sensory neurons

A
  • motor neuron cell body is within CNS, sensory neuron cell bodies are within the PNS
  • different embryological origins
    ◦ Sensory= neural crest
    ◦ motor=neural tube
  • opposite direction of signal transmission
35
Q

Somatic and visceral nervous system

A

-Types of pathways within the peripheral nervous system
-Both have sensory and motor components
>sensory pathways are the same for both the visceral and somatic nervous system but Motor neurons are different

36
Q

Somatic

A

-conscious sensation/skeletal muscle/voluntary
-eg. Feeling fingers, walking, etc

37
Q

Visceral

A

-unconscious sensation/smooth or cardiac muscle/involuntary
-ex. pupil dilation, heart beating, GI digestion, etc.
-Motor=autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

38
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

-1 neuron
- Cell body in CNS, axon in PNS (synapse with muscle)

39
Q

Visceral motor neurons

A

-2 neurons
-Pre-ganglionic cell body in CNS, Post-ganglionic ganglia in PNS

40
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

-Contains both sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

41
Q

Sympathetic component of ANS

A

-active
-located in thoraco-lumbar region
-adrenergic
-located everywhere
-synapse close to CNS, preganglionic fibres short

42
Q

Parasympathetic component of ANS

A

-restorative
-located in cranio-sacral region
- cholinergic
- mainly visceral (organs)
- synapses close to action site, preganglionic fibres long

Neuroscience (26 decks)

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