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Natural Products > Intro to natural health products > Flashcards

Intro to natural health products Flashcards

1
Q

6 types of NHPs

A 
vitamins and minerals 
herbal remedies
homeopathic meds
traditional meds
probiotics
other - amino acid
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2
Q

4 requirements for NHP

A

safe for consideration as OTC
availale for self care
available for self selection
doesnt require a prescription

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3
Q

describe a functional food

A

similar in appearance or may be a conventional food
consumed as part of usual diet
has a physiological benefit or provide protection against a chronic disease beyond basic nutritive funtion

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4
Q

how are functional foods regulated

A

as a food

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5
Q

what form is a nutraceutical

A

product isolated or purified from foods

sold in medicinal forms not associated with food

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6
Q

what does nutraceutical demonstrate

A

has a physiological benefit or provide protection against a chronic disease

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7
Q

how are nutraceuticals regulated

A

as a drug

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8
Q

predictors of NHP use

A 
race - caucasian 
non smokers
active
non perfect health
WOMEN 35-75 
use conventional OTCs
consult with a CAM practitioner
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9
Q

common conditions that use NHP

A 
fibromyalgia
inflammatory bowel disease
urinary incontinence
COPD 
arthritis
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10
Q

not predictors of NHP use

A

education

annual income

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11
Q

main five categories of NHP use

A 
medication use
CAM provder consultation 
vitamin/mineral use
demographic and lifesyles esp age 
health status and chronic conditions
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12
Q

which vitmains helps form RBC

A

folate
niacin
vit b12

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13
Q

which vitamins and minerals help with tissue formation

A

pantothenic acid
riboflavin
vit b6

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14
Q

what are herbs a subcategory of

A

botanical

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15
Q

explain tea/infusion

A

adding bioling water to fresh or dried botnaical and steeping
cold or hot
*only things that are water soluble

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16
Q

explain decoction

A

botanicals that need more forceful treatment to extract components ex. bark
simmered longer in boiling water than tea
hot or cold

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17
Q

explain tincture

A

soaking botanical in a solution of alcohol and water
concentrates botanical
sold in liquid form

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18
Q

explain extract

A

soaked with the goal of capturing specific components

more pure form just active ingredient….

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19
Q

whats an intrinsic adverse effect

A

arise from the herb itself

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20
Q

type a intrinsic reaction examples

A

predictable toxicity
overdose
drug interactions

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21
Q

type b intrinsic reaction examples

A

idiosyncratic
allergy
anaphylaxis

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22
Q

what is an extrinsic adverse effect

A

unrelated to the herb

due to a problem in commercial manufacture or extemperaneous compounding

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23
Q

examples of extrinsic adverse effects

A 
misidentification
lack of standardization
contamination
substituition 
adulteration
incorrect prep or doage
inappropriate labeling or advertising
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24
Q

what are the four different names for a herbal product

A
  1. common english
  2. transliterated name
  3. latinised pharmaceutical name
  4. scientific name (genus and species)
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25
Q

how should you refer to plants to prevent misidentification

A

scientific genus and species

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26
Q

challenges in standardizing herbal meds

A

no obvious bioassay identified
active ingredients often not identified
even if identified dont know if crude herb or purified active are better
chemical consistency doesnt always mean therapeutic consistency

27
Q

example of prude vs purified

A

foxglove leaf — digoxin

opium — codiene

28
Q

example of contamination

A

ayurvedic high levels of heavy metals

29
Q

example of substitution

A

stephania tetrandra used for fever, pain, edema, weight loss substituted with aristolochia fangchi root thats nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic

30
Q

examples of adulterants found in traditional chinese medicine

A

acetaminophine
betamethoasone
caffiene….

31
Q

definition of probiotics

A

live microorganisms that when ingested in appropriate quantities have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of specific medical conditions by improving the hosts intestinal microbial balance

32
Q

probiotic mechanism of action

A

colonization resistance - limit the potentially harmful bacteria in teh digestive tract
supply enzymes or influence enzyme activity in the GI tract

33
Q

probiotic criteria for use

A 
indigenous to humans
resistance to acidity and bile toxicity
adhere to human intestinal cells
colonize the human gut 
antagonism against pathogenic bacteria 
clinically proven health benefits
history of safe use in humans
34
Q

how do probiotics improve gut health

A

increase healthy bacteria

decrease the population of pathogenic microorganisms

35
Q

how do probiotics decrease the risk of colon cancer

A

alter the metabolic activities of the intestinal flora
alter the physiochemical conditions in the colon to discourage growth of procardinogenic microflora
bind/degrade potential carcinogens
enhance the hosts IR

36
Q

how are do probiotics aid in immune modulation

A

lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidu augment humoral and cellular immunity
intestinal mucosa contains most of the immune cells

37
Q

safety issues

A

antibiotic resistance gene profile
production of antibiotic modifiers
pathogenic potential - free of virulent factors
metabolic activites - no production of byproducts or enzymes that may adversely affect human phys

38
Q

3 promising strains of probiotics

A

lactobacillus
bifidobacterium
enterococcus

39
Q

efficacy considerations for probiotics

A

min daily dosing
acid and bile stability
intestinal mucosal adhesion properties
viability through the product shelf life
affected by light, heat, oxygen, moisture

40
Q

how can you improve acid and bile stability

A

freeze dry
enteric coating
microencapsulation

41
Q

dosing for health maintenance of intestinal microflora

A

depends on extent of microbial depletion and the presence of harmful bacteria
1-2billion CFU a day of lacidophilus or blactis

42
Q

therapeutic dosing for probiotics

A

10-100billion CFU

43
Q

what are the 2 essential fatty acids

A

linoleic acid - omega 6

alpha-linolenic acid - omega 3

44
Q

what are essential fatty acids used for

A

componenets of cell membranes that increase membrane fluidity - cell memrane function
proper function of the brain and nervous system

45
Q

benefits of omega 3

A

CV

hyperglycemia, depression, cancer, lupus, asthma, RA

46
Q

what ratio of fatty acids is needed for benefit

A

LA 5: ALA 1

47
Q

what happens in a diet that is high in LA (omega 6) like in the western diet

A

increase in arachidonic acid which increases LTB4, PGE2, TXA2
decreases EPA and DHA

48
Q

sources of ALA

A

flax and canola oil
flaxseed
walnuts

49
Q

source of EPA DHA

A

fatty fish

50
Q

source of LA

A

vegetable and plant oils
leafy veges
seeds nuts

51
Q

sources of GLA

A

evening primose oil

52
Q

what are conditional amino acids

A

essential in times of illness or stress

53
Q

what are the 3 branched chain amino acids

A

l-leucine
l-isoleucine
l-valine

54
Q

what are the benefits of branched chain amino acids

A

increase carb bioavaiolability in muscles and prevent muscle breakdown
may reduce fatigue

55
Q

what are some uses of branched chain amino acids

A

allow proper synthesis of proteins
energy source
preserve muscle mass aftery surgery or trauma
cancer

56
Q

what is a complete protein source

A

provides all of the essential amino acids

57
Q

examples of a complete protein source

A

animal - meat, eggs, fish, milk

plant - quinoa, soybean

58
Q

imcomplete protein source

A

low in one or more of the essential amino acids

59
Q

whats a complementary protein source and example

A

two or more incomplete protein sources that together provide adequate amounts of essential amino acids
peanut butter sandwich

60
Q

when is arginine essential

A

up to 5 years and over 60

61
Q

when is histidine essential

A

up to 5

62
Q

whats required if cysteine is not adequately provided in teh diet

A

methionine

63
Q

if tyrosine is not adequately provided in the diet what is

A

phenylalanine

64
Q

what happens to most arginine

A

cleaved to form urea

Natural Products (8 decks)

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