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BRS > Intro to MSK > Flashcards

Intro to MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Define MSK system

A

Anatomical structures that allow locomotion

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2
Q

What has the MSK system evolved to allow us to do?

A

Find food or shelter
Escape predators or threats
Look after children
Use tools or weapons

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3
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where 2 bones meet

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4
Q

What are tendons?

A

cords of strong fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

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5
Q

What are ligaments?

A

sheets of fibrous connective tissue which connect two bones

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6
Q

How many bones does an adult have?

A

206 + sesamoids (bones embedded in tendons or muscles)

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7
Q

How many bones does a child have?

A

270

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8
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

pectoral and pelvic girdle, limbs

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9
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

cranium, vertebral column, rib cage

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10
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Rigidity/support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection for internal organs (e.g. skull, rib cage)
  4. Mineral storage/homeostasis (e.g. regulation of calcium and phosphate)
  5. Bone marrow produces blood cells
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11
Q

What 2 things is bone composed of?

A

Cells and ECM

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12
Q

What is the organic component of ECM in bone?

A

Osteoid

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13
Q

What is the inorganic component of ECM in bone?

A

Minerals

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14
Q

Name the 4 cells in bone

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

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15
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Bone stem cells

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16
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells

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17
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

Osteoid

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18
Q

What do osteoblasts catalyse?

A

Mineralisation of osteoid

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19
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

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20
Q

Hpw are osteocytes formed?

A

When an osteoblast becomes embedded in its own secretions

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21
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

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22
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

‘Bone breaking’ cells

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23
Q

Where are osteoclasts derive from?

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis

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25
Q

What dictates bone mineral density (BMD)?

A

Balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity

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26
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of bone fracture?

A

Trauma
Stress
Pathological

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of traumatic fractures?

A

Low energy and high energy

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28
Q

What causes a stress fracture?

A

Abnormal stresses on normal bone

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29
Q

What causes a pathological fracture?

A

Normal stresses on abnormal bone

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30
Q

What are disease of the joints called?

A

Arthritis

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31
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Joints with no space between the bones

32
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures in the skull

33
Q

What movement classification are fibrous joints?

A

Synarthroses (generally allow no movement)

34
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage

35
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Joints between spinal vertebrae

36
Q

What movement classification are cartilaginous joints?

A

Amphiarthroses (allow very limited movement)

37
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints that have a space between adjoining bones (synovial cavity) that is filled with synovial fluid

38
Q

What movement classification are synovial joints?

A

Diarthroses ( allow for free movement of the joint?

39
Q

What are the 4 types of synovial joints?

A

Hinge joints
Ball and socket joints
Pivot joints
Condyloid joints

40
Q

Name a hinge joint

A

Knee

41
Q

Name a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder

42
Q

Name a pivot joint

A

Cervical spine

43
Q

Name a condyloid joint

A

Wrist

44
Q

What sort of movement do hinge joints have?

A

Monoplanar

45
Q

What sort of movement do ball and socket joints have?

A

Multiplanar

46
Q

What sort of movement do pivot joints have?

A

Allow limited rotating movement

47
Q

What sort of movement do condyloid joints have?

A

Allow all types of movement except pivotal movements

48
Q

What does the synovium contain?

A

1-3 cell deep lining containing macrophage-like phagocytic cells and fibroblast-like cells
Type 1 collagen

49
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Hyaluronic acid-rich viscous fluid

50
Q

What does articular cartilage contain?

A

Type II collagen
Proteoglycan (aggrecan)

51
Q

What is cartilage composed of?

A

1) specialized cells (chondrocytes)
2) extracellular matrix: water, collagen and proteoglycans
(mainly aggrecan)

52
Q

What is the purpose of cartilage?

A

To provide a smooth lining at a joint to allow the ends of two bones to move with minimal friction

53
Q

Does cartilage have a blood supply?

A

No, it is avascular

54
Q

What are the 2 types of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis
Inflammation associated arthritis

55
Q

What causes osteoarthritis?

A

Loss of cartilage- it is degenerative

56
Q

What are the 3 types of inflammation associated arthritis?

A

Autoimmune A
Crystal A-
Septic A-

57
Q

What is autoimmune arthritis?

A

Where the immune system attacks the body

58
Q

What is an example of autoimmune arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

59
Q

What is crystal arthritis?

A

Where crystals trigger inflammation

60
Q

What crystals cause gout?

A

Urate

61
Q

What crystals cause pseudogout?

A

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD)

62
Q

What is septic arthritis?

A

Bacterial infection in the joint

63
Q

How is osteoarthritis affected by movement?

A

Gets worse with movement

64
Q

How is rheumatoid arthritis affected by movement?

A

Worsens with inactivity

65
Q

What type of arthritis causes prolonged morning stiffness?

A

Rheumatoid

66
Q

What are the speeds of onset for the 4 types of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis: slow (months -> years)
Autoimmune: subacute (usually weeks -> months)
Septic arthritis: rapid (hours)
Crystal arthritis: rapid (hours)

67
Q

What are muscle pairs called?

A

agonists/antagonists

68
Q

What do ligaments and tendons consist of?

A

Mostly type 1 collagen

69
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

70
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to bone

71
Q

What is the role of ligaments?

A

Restrict joint motion
Stability and proprioception

72
Q

What is the role of tendons?

A

Transmit forces

73
Q

What are tendons made up of?

A

Collagen fibrils

74
Q

What causes an acute tendon pathology?

A

Force exceeds tensile strength

75
Q

What causes chronic tendon pathology?

A

Pathological response to poor biomechanics or overuse

76
Q

What is frequently observed in tendinopathy?

A

Disordered collagen fibres
Neovascularisation

BRS (16 decks)

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