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Micro > Intro to Micro > Flashcards

Intro to Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Is Virus alive?

A

NO! Viruses do NOT have a kingdom.

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2
Q

Why do people call LIVE VIRUSES?

A

Because they are active

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3
Q

Differential staining?

A

Differential staining used to distinguish different types of bacteria

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4
Q

Most common stain for bacteria is?

A

Gram Stain… Gram positive or Gram negative

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5
Q

What does Gram stain show?

A

Reflects fundamental diff in CELL WALL structure

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6
Q

What is Acid-fast staining used to detect?

A

Mycobacterium….waxy cell wall

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7
Q

Mycobacterium has

A

causative agents of TB & Hansen’s disease (leprosy), Fish mongos disease
- cell wall contains high concentrations of mycolic acid
-waxy fatty acid(WAXY CELL WALL) that prevents uptake of dyes
–harsher methods needed
- identify agents in clinical specimens
anything with mycobacterium is acid fast!

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8
Q

Some bacteria have Capsule stain

A

GEL LIKE LAYER

  • NEGATIVE STAIN USED since stains poorly
  • India ink added to wet mount is common method
  • capsules are pathogenic!
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9
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia is the

A

1 cause of meningitis in elderly, so need pneumonia shot for*

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10
Q

Noncapsulated is

A

nonpathogenic

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11
Q

How do you kill Streptococcus pneumonia?

A

[If its encapsulated and phagocytes cant kill it, they cant eat it!
- ANTIBODIES TO THE RESCUE, called OPSONINS which attach to the capsule and hold it in place so the phagocyte can eat it.

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12
Q

An immune response is

A

phagocytosis

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13
Q

What bacteria members need Endospore stain ?

A

SPORES CAN LAST FOREVER…. Bacillus & Clostridium resistant dormant endospore.

  • resist gram stain appear clear
  • use heat to uptake malachite green by endospore
  • counterstain safranin to visualize other cells
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14
Q

What kind of endospore bacteria are there?

A

clostridial spore, food poisoning, tetanus

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria cells) anatomy has cell wall

A

not every bacteria has a cell wall. CELL WALL strong rigid structure that prevent cell lysis
- made from peptidoglycan
Alternating series of subunits form glycan chains
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & some techoic acid
-Tetrapeptide chain (string of four amino acids) links glycan chains

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16
Q

cell membrane

A

Also called Mesosome adding more surface area as its invaginated.

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17
Q

flagella

A

movement, mobility, propellers, help with characterization.. not every bacteria has it.

  • Diff types of flagella
  • Atrichous (no flagella)
  • Monotrichous/polar flagellum ( one)
  • lophotrichous (many on one end)
  • Amphitrichous ( one on each end…two)
  • Peritrichous (many flagella all over)
  • FILAMENT, HOOK, BASAL BODY
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18
Q

nucleoid

A

DNA.. the chromosomal region of a bacterium

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19
Q

You can tell a bacteria cell wall is Gram neg (thinner) by?

A

If no Technoic acid its Gram Neg stain outer layer is lipopolysaccharide , with the acid & lipoteichoic acid its Gram + much more thicker peptidoglycan layer

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20
Q

Bacteria with pili very dangerous because…

A

Like E Coli.. attaches to your cells & sex-duction (conjugation)
-common type called fimbriae allow cells to adhere to surface. Shorter than flagella. Twitching mobility, gliding motility. Sex pili involved with DNA … transferring nucleic acid!

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21
Q

Slime layer and capsule are kinda the same thing..

A

Capsule- distinct & gelatinous, allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces avoid defense systems and cause disease.
Slime layer- diffuse and irregular, allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces

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22
Q

Plasmid is

A

CIRCULAR, SUPERCOILED, dsDNA, carrying genetic info that carry extra chromosomal DNA.
- can divide by itself, transferred from one cell to another
R Plasmids-> code for resistance
Toxins-> made by plasmids in cell

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23
Q

Ribosomes

A

involved in protein synthesis, and cellular component of RNA

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24
Q

The gram - Neg cell wall

A

Outer membrane
Bilayer made from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Important medically: signals immune system of invasion by Gram-negative bacteria
Small levels elicit appropriate response to eliminate
Large amounts accumulating in bloodstream can yield deadly response
LPS is called ENDOTOXIN
Includes Lipid A (immune system recognizes) and O antigen (can be used to identify species or strains)

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25
Q

Periplasmic space

A

is between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram - cell wall

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26
Q

Mycoplasma

A

are the smallest of the bacteria, have NO CELL WALL!

  • playomorphic can have any shape
  • cytoplasmic membrane contains sterols to increase strength!
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27
Q

Why cant you give penicillin to this bacteria?

A

Penicillin works on cell wall, mycoplasma doesn’t have one

Instead need erythromyocin to work on ribosomes

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28
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

internal protein framework
-Once thought missing in bacteria
-Bacterial proteins similar to eukaryotic cytoskeleton have been characterized
Likely involved in cell division and controlling cell shape

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29
Q

Storage granules

A 
accumulations of polymers
- Synthesized from nutrients available in excess
Carbon, energy storage:
- Glycogen
- Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
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30
Q

Gas vesicles

A

controlled to provide buoyancy

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31
Q

Metachromatic granules

A

Many colors!
- Bacteria is corynebacterium diphtheria*
“volutin”
large inclusions
- used for ATP synthesis
- has 3rd deadliest toxin known to man
- bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa all have em

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32
Q

What are the 1st 2 toxins that are deadly?

A
  1. botulism toxin- diluted to paralyze your muscle

2. tetanus

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33
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical

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34
Q

Baccillus

A

Rod

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35
Q

Spirillum

A

Spiral

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36
Q

Strepto

A

Chains

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37
Q

Staphylo

A

cluster

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38
Q

Coccus

A

round

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39
Q

Spirochetes

A

long spiral

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40
Q

Vibrios

A

Comma

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41
Q

Diplococci

A

2

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42
Q

Streptococci

A

chains

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43
Q

staphylococci

A

clusters

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44
Q

how do bacteria divide?

A

binary fission- split in half

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45
Q

Lag phase

A

-Number of cells does not increase
-Begin synthesizing enzymes required for growth
-Delay depends on conditions
No growth, stable population in preparation for division

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46
Q

Log (exponential) phase

A

Divide at constant rate, sensitive to antibiotics, productions of primary metabolites, secondary metabolites production occurs as nutrients are depleted and wastes accumulate
- GR>DR

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47
Q

Stationary phase

A

Growth rate = death rate

  • nutrients too low to sustain growth, total # remain constant
  • some die, release contents; others grow
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48
Q

Death phase

A

DR>GR

  • total # of viable cells decrease
  • exponential, slower than cell growth
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49
Q

Phase of prolonged decline

A

DR>GR

- some fraction may survive, adapted to tolerate worse conditions

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50
Q

How fast does E coli spread starting out with one?

A

20 mins

51
Q

Psychrophile

A

loves/lives in cold temp 0-20 degrees Celcius

-artic and Antarctic regions

52
Q

Mesophile

A

grows in temp 20-40 degrees Celcius

- Grow in the human body 37 degrees celcius

53
Q

Thermophile

A

Loves/lives in hot temp 40-90 degrees celcius

54
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

Loves/lives in very hot temp above 80 degrees celcius

-members of archaea

55
Q

The chill is an indication

A

competition for supremesy between the invader and immune system.

56
Q

99-101 fever is good or bad?

A

good, if you can take it for a while.
103-104 is bad.. more kids run these fevers
Pyogens increase fever!

57
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Grows best if O2 is present, but can also grow without it

58
Q

Microaerophile

A

requires SMALL amounts of O2, but higher concentrations are inhibitory
-gut, vagina, mouth*

59
Q

Is pasteurization sterilization?

A

NO!

60
Q

Can prokaryotes live in all environments?

A

Yes! some live in habitats favored by humans or harsh environments

61
Q

Halophilic

A

Salt loving

62
Q

Barophilic

A

deeper in water

63
Q

obligate aerobe

A

requires O2

64
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

just grow in carbon dioxide

65
Q

Extremophiles

A

live in harsh environments, most are archaea

66
Q

What conditions influence microbial growth?

A

temp, atmosphere, pH, water availability

67
Q

Pyschotrophs

A
  • food spoilage

20 -30 degrees celcius

68
Q

Obligate aerobs and Facultative anaerobes

A

both AEROBIC
- incubated air 20% O2
shaken to provide max aeration

69
Q

Important bacteria grow best in increased CO2

A

Neisseria and Haemophilus

-capnophiles, by incubating candle jars

70
Q

Do all microorganisms need water for growth?

A

TRUE

71
Q

What makes water unavailable to cell?

A

dissolved salts, sugars -preserve food!

solute higher outside, water follows so osmosis happens

72
Q

What microbes withstand high salt?

A

Halotolerant- withstand 10% staphylococcus

Halophiles- require high salt concentrtions like marine bacteria, dead sea, utahs salt flats

73
Q

Bacteria survive a range of pH; have optimum

A

TRUE, most maintain constant internal pH typically near neutral (NUETROPHILES)

74
Q

If acidic environment

A

Pump OUT protons… food preserved when increased acidity

75
Q

If alkaline environment

A

Bring IN protons

76
Q

H pylori grows in stomach by

A

producing urease to split urea into CO2 and ammonia to decrease acidity of surroundings

77
Q

Acidophiles grow at pH below

A

5.5

78
Q

Alkaliphiles grow at pH above

A

8.5

79
Q

Picrophilus oshmiae optimum pH of less than

A

1

80
Q

Viruses

A

come in an amazing variety of shapes and sizes. They are very small and are measured in nanometers, which is one-billionth of a meter.
Viruses can range in thesize between 20 to 750nm, which is 45,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair.
The majority of viruses cannot be seen with a light microscope because the resolution of a light microscope is limited to about 200nm, so a scanning electronmicroscope is required to view most viruses.

81
Q

The basic struc of a virus

A

made up of a genetic information molecule and a protein layer that protects that information molecule.

82
Q

The arrangement of protein layer is

A

genetic information comes in a variety of presentations.

The core of the virus is made up of nucleic acids, which then make up the genetic information in the form of RNA or DNA.

83
Q

Capsid in virus

A

The protein layer that surrounds and protects the nucleic acids

84
Q

DO viruses have mitochondria?

A

NO not alive

85
Q

Virion

A

When a single virus is in its complete form and has reached full infectivity outside of the cell

86
Q

Virus structure can be

A

icosahedral, enveloped, complex or helical(bullet).

87
Q

Protein coat called Capsid is made up of several subunits called

A

capsemeres…which you can count that tells what kind of virus it is

88
Q

Nucleic acid + capsid is called

A

Nucleocapsid

89
Q

some viruses have an envelope.. if they don’t they are called

A

Naked virus if it does envelope virus

90
Q

envelope viruses have spikes and certain one is called

A

influenza, the spikes contain hemaglutium and NEURAMINIDASE*

91
Q

Icosahedral

A
  • Spherical looking
  • equilateral triangles fused together in a sphere
  • genetic material inside the capsid
  • release viruses when they die, lysed, broken down, and release Virions
  • EX: RHINOVIRUS, POLIOVIRUS, ADENOVIRUS
92
Q

Envelope viruses are

A

icosahedral or helical struc surround by lipid bilayer which means its encased or enveloped.

  • Virus is exiting the cell via budding, infectivity of these viruses is most dependent on the envelope.
  • INFLUENZA, HEP C, HIV
93
Q

Helical viruses are

A
  • Have capsid with central cavity or hollow
  • tube made by proteins arranged in circular fashion, disc like. disc shapes attached helically like Slinky, with room for nucleic acid in the middle.
  • ALL FILAMENTOUS VIRUSES ARE HELICAL IN SHAPE. 15-19nm width, length 300-500 nm around
  • TOBACCO MOSAIC CIRCUS
94
Q

Complexes

A
  • Combination of Icosahedral & helical shape that may have a complex outer wall or head tail morphology
  • head tail morphology is unique that only infect bacteria known as bacteriophages !
95
Q

What kind of phage enters the bacteria in complex bacteriophages?

A

Nucleic acids (Phage DNA)

96
Q

Viron is a virus

A

that attacks humans, and anchors the cell which opens up and nucleic acid comes out, completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell!

97
Q

Is there anything such as a viral cell?

A

NO there is bacterial cell!

98
Q

Naked Viruses are composed of

A

a nucleocapsid, a capsid with enclosed genome

99
Q

contain single- or double-stranded DNA genomes
Replicated in host cell DNA
-CAN REPRODUCE!!

A

DNA viruses

100
Q

RNA viruses

A

contain single- or double-stranded RNA genomes.
Replicated at host cell ribosomes
-CANT REPRODUCE!

101
Q

are replicated indirectly through a DNA intermediate using an reverse transcriptase enzyme.

A

Retroviruses

102
Q

Viruses don’t reproduce they

A

injects itself, uses a cells DNA to make new particles so replication instead of reproduce!

103
Q

How to inject RNA into cell?

A

Virus needs an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert RNA-> DNA to reproduce.
- AIDS medication has inhibitors towards reverse transcriptase!

104
Q

normally, the body surrounds a tumor with a capsule of connective tissue.

A

benign tumor

105
Q

Tumor cells can break free from the capsule and spread to other tissues of the body (metastasis).

A

Malignant tumor

106
Q

60–90% of human cancers are associated with

A

carcinogens

107
Q

Viruses are responsible for what percent of human tumors?

A

20%

108
Q

Burkitt Lymphoma, a tumor of the jaw.

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

109
Q

Cervical cancer is associated with

A

HPV.. now have vaccines against this

110
Q

What viruses transform infected cells

A

Oncogenic viruses

111
Q

are responsible for 30-50% of the cases of the common cold.

A

Rhinoviruses

-More than 200 different virus strains can cause common cold

112
Q

uses its tail to attach to the bacterium, creates a hole in the cell wall, and then inserts its DNA into the cell using the tail as a channel.

A

Bacteriophage

- Poxvirus called variola which causes smallpox is the LARGEST in size has complex struc (icosahedral & helical)

113
Q

NEURAMINIDASE in enveloped virus

A

Snatched the virus because it cleaved the sialic acid to let it go. By ENDOCYTOSIS!
Take a piece of cell membrane with it when leave… so not naked anymore?
- animal, plant, microorganisms
-exist as antigens- stimulate production of antibodies

114
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

produces a N that facilitates the formation of biofilms that contribute to its pathogenesis.

115
Q

Tamiflu

A

inhibit the release of Influenza A an B from the host cell, stopping replication.
- have 10 diff Neuraminidase!

116
Q

Hemagglutinin happens when we get the flu in res tract…

A

over a dozen of them but we know 3 H 1, H2, H3.

H5- attacks digestive system of birds.

117
Q

What does Hemagglutinin bind to?

A

Sugar proteins on the cell surface

118
Q

H-N protein is a

A

single viral protein, Allowing virus to stick to a potential host cell and cut itself if necessary

  • MUMPS, HUMAN PARAINFLUENZA
  • AVIAN PATHO NEW CASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
119
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Includes an accumulation of mutations within genes that code for the antibody binding site that were originally targeted against the present strains

  • cant give same flu shot, same as last year
  • occurs in influenza A, B, C - most in A
120
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Major change in influenza A viruses

  • H- N proteins in influenze viruses that affect humans
  • most people not immune when this happens
121
Q

Difference between shift and drift?

A

Shift happens occasionally, drift happens all the time. Type A viruses undergo both kinds of changes; influenza type B viruses change only by the more gradual process of antigenic drift.

122
Q

Example of Antigenic shift Avian influenza is bad because

A

pigs, mammalian hosts, birds
When 2 different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, the capsid and envelope are removed simultaneously.
-The host now forms new viruses which combine their antigens.

123
Q

H3N2 H5N1 form

A

H5N2

  • human immune system has trouble recognizing the new strain
  • NEW PANDEMIC

Micro (3 decks)

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