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Microbio Exam 1 > intro to micro > Flashcards

intro to micro Flashcards

1
Q

Size of bacteria

A

0.1-10 microns (LM)

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2
Q

Viruses

A

Require host cell for replication

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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Simple unicellular organisms

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotes

Unicellular (yeast) or filamentous (mold)

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5
Q

Parasites

A

Most complex microbe
Eukaryotes

Unicellular to multicellular

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6
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nuclei
Single, double-stranded, circular DNA (haploid)

Smaller ribosome (70S)

Peptidolycan cell wall - antibacterial target

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7
Q

Bacterial detection

A

Microscopy (morphology, Gram-stain)
Bacterial Ags

Bacterial nucleic acids (PCR, sequencing)

Culture

Bacterial serology (ELISA, Western blot, immunostaining)

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8
Q

Bacterial classification

A

Binomial nomenclature (Genus species)

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9
Q

Fundamental features that determine bacterial classification

A

Visible features
Nutrition

End products

Surface molecules

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10
Q

Visible features for bacterial classification

A

Shape
Spore formation

Gram reaction

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11
Q

Nutrition for bacterial classification

A

Growth media
Aerobic vs. anaerobic

Temperature required for optimal growth

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12
Q

End products for bacterial classification

A

Enzymes

Toxins

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13
Q

Surface molecules for bacterial classification

A

Ag composition

Proteins, sugars, lipids

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14
Q

Bacterial shapes

A

Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (rod, straight, curved)

Spirochetes (spiral)

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15
Q

Two major classifications of bacteria - cell wall

A

Gram positive

Gram negative

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16
Q

Mycobacteria

A

Acid fast

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17
Q

Gram positive cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan wall just outside of plasma membrane

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18
Q

Gram negative wall

A

Outer membrane outside of peptidoglycan layer

Periplasmic space between peptidoglycan layer and plasma membrane

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19
Q

Gram positive stain

A

Purple

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20
Q

Gram negative stain

A

Pink

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21
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Necessary for bacterial survival
Internal to capsule, but external to cytoplasmic membrane

Protection, shape, gram stain

Drug target

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22
Q

Sugars of peptidoglycan

A

Alternating NAG and NAM
Beta-1,4 linked

Cross-linked by peptides

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23
Q

Peptidoglycan on immunity

A

Proinflammatory

Fixes complement, which triggers TNF production

24
Q

Gram positive envelope

A 
Peptidoglycan (many layers, extensive crosslinking)
Teichoic acid (PG and PM associated - LTA)
25
Q

Teichoic acid and LTA functions

A

Promote attachment to other bacteria and host cells - virulence factors

26
Q

Gram negative envelope

A

Peptidoglycan reduced compared to Gram positive

27
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Found in Gram negative wall

Contains PG

28
Q

Outer membrane of Gram negative wall

A

Rich in porins and LPS

29
Q

Porins in outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria

A

Allows diffusion of small, hydrophilic molecules

Can result in antibiotics gaining entrance to bacteria

30
Q

Asymmetric phospholipid bilayer in Gram negative envelope

A

Inner leaflet contains phospholipids

Outer leaflets contains LPS

31
Q

LPS is comprised of?

A

Lipid A
Core polysaccharide

O Ag

32
Q

Lipid A

A

Responsible for endotoxin activity of LPS

Fatty acids anchor to OM

33
Q

Core polysaccharide

A

Required for bacterial structure and viability

34
Q

O Ag

A

Long, linear polysaccharide of repeating sugars
Lots of species variation, distinguishing feature for bacterial serology

Missing in Neisseria (LOS)

35
Q

LPS on immunity

A

Binds to CD14 and TLR4 on phagocytes/APCs

Causes TNF, IL-1, and IL-6, which results in inflammation

36
Q

Acid-fast bacteria

A 
Complex cell envelope
Mycolic acids (long, branched chain fatty acids)

Thick, waxy membranous layer outside of peptidoglycan

Stained red; methylene blue used to counter-stain

37
Q

Importance of mycolic acid in acid fast cell wall

A

Impedes entry of chemicals/lysosomal enzymes, which results in slow growing bacteria

38
Q

LAM

A

Acid-fast structure

Similar to LPS

39
Q

Arabinogalactans

A

Branched polysaccharides that bind mycolic acid

40
Q

Pili

A

“Fimbrae”
Composed of pilin, which forms a hollow tube

Hair-like projections

Two functional types

41
Q

Where can pili be found?

A

Both Gram positive and negative bacterial surfaces

42
Q

Two functional types of pili

A

Common (somatic)

Sex

43
Q

Common (somatic) pili

A

Attachment to epithelial cells

Called adhesins, lectins, evasins, and aggressins

44
Q

Sex pili

A

Only one per cell, involved in gene transfer

Bind to other bacteria, usually a plasmid, transfer genetic materials

45
Q

Flagella

A

Locomotion
Monotrichous

Lophotrichous

Amphitrichous

Peritrichous

46
Q

Monotrichous flagella

A

“Polar”

Only one at a single pole

47
Q

Lophotrichous flagella

A

More than one at a single pole

48
Q

Amphitrichous flagella

A

At both poles

49
Q

Peritrichous flagella

A

All around the bacteria

50
Q

Components of flagella

A

H-Ag
Virulence factor

Locomotion

51
Q

Bacterial capsule

A

Loose polysaccharide or protein layer
Hydrophilic

Protection from immune system

Cell survival in host, but not necessary in culture

Biofilm

52
Q

Slime layer

A

Capsule when it is loosely adherent or non-uniform in thickness

53
Q

How does a capsule protect from the immune system

A

It is poorly antigenic
Antiphagocytic

Major virulence factor

54
Q

Biofilm

A

Community of microbial cells that has a capsule/slime layer over the entire population

55
Q

Endospores

A

Occurs with Gram positive bacteria in harsh environment
Conversions to a dormant state

Gives rise to a bacteria when environmental are favorable

56
Q

Endospore contents

A

Complete copy of chromosome
Minimal proteins/ribosomes

High concentration of Ca2+ bound to dipocolinic acid

57
Q

Endotoxin

A

LPS

Specific to Gram negative bacteria

Microbio Exam 1 (8 decks)

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