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Microbio Exam 1 > export_hostparasite relationships > Flashcards

export_hostparasite relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

A

Prolonged association between two different species

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2
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits, the other is not affected

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3
Q

Niche

A

Shelter where nutrients are provided

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4
Q

Normal microbiota

A

“Flora”
Commensal or mutual symbionts
Compete with pathogenic microorganisms

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5
Q

What part of our body is generally considered to be sterile?

A

Lungs (all tissue below the trachea)

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6
Q

What part of your body is the microbiota variable, and why?

A

Skin

Can change based on what you touch

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7
Q

Fetal microbiota

A

Generally sterile

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8
Q

Neonate microbiota

A

Colonized during birth (vaginally)

Rapidly after delivery (C-section)

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9
Q

Neonate sterile fields

A

Internal organs and tissues

Urinary bladder!

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10
Q

Resident microbiota

A

Long-term members of the body’s normal microbiota

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11
Q

Transient microbiota

A

Organisms that attempt to colonize the body, but fail due to competition, the immune system, or characteristics of body changes prevent growth

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12
Q

Staphyloccous epidermis

A

Resident microbiota
Gram positive cocci, in clusters

Skin, nose, ears

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13
Q

Group A Strep

A

Transient microbiota
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram positive cocci, in chains

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14
Q

Strict pathogens

A

Organisms always associated with disease

Not normal flora, such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, etc.

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15
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Tends to be members of normal microbiota

Take advantage of immunosuppression, etc., such as candida

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16
Q

What kind of pathogens cause most infectious disease?

A

Opportunistic

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17
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability of a microorganism to cause disease

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18
Q

Virulence

A

Measure of pathogenicity

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19
Q

Virulence factors

A

Toxins, etc., produced by organisms that enable it to infect, cause disease, or kill a host

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20
Q

Carrier

A

Asymptomatic, but host to pathogen - potential to transmit

Can be transient, semi-, or permanent

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21
Q

Transplacental entry

A

Mother to fetus

Ex. HIV, listeriosis, etc.

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22
Q

Secretion entry to host

A

Mucosal - genital, nasal, GI, respiratory

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23
Q

Stool entry to host

A

Fecal to oral

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24
Q

Skin entry to host

A

Cuts, injury

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25
Q

Blood entry to host

A

STIs, IV drug use

26
Q

Zoonotic entry to host

A

Animal to human, may be vector

27
Q

Arthropod entry to host

A

May be a reservoir or vector

28
Q

Barriers to prevent entry to host

A

Mechanical (skin, cilia)
Enzymatic (lysozyme)

Chemical (acidic pH)

Immunity (complement, Ab)

Commensals (niche environment)

Physical (sheer forces, peristalsis)

29
Q

What must a bacteria do after entry to host to cause disease?

A

Adhesion

30
Q

Adhesion of bacteria

A

Binding of bacterial adhesin to host cell surface

31
Q

Tropism

A

Specific adhesin and receptor combinations

32
Q

Adhesins

A

Attachment proteins

Often associated with bacterial pili (fimbrae)

33
Q

How do most bacteria live?

A

Sessile (stationary)

NOT typically planktonic (freely moving)

34
Q

Biofilm

A

Bacteria encased in a substance (polysaccharide, DNA, etc.) of their own making
Commonly moist and wet - showers, teeth, etc.

35
Q

How do bacterial cells in a biofilm differ from planktonic bacteria?

A

Generally slower metabolism
Increased resistance to antibiotics

Increased genetic exchange

Resistance to disinfection = decreased diffusion, increased organic matter

36
Q

What do most bacterial infections have in common?

A

A biofilm

Ex. wound infection, otitis media, gingivitis, endocarditis

37
Q

Bacterial invasion into cells

A

Can hijack cells and mature in phagosome to promote survival

Can move between adjacent cells and get into blood without immune interaction

38
Q

Bacterial dissemination

A

Cause disease from sites metastatic to original infection

39
Q

Endotoxin

A

Lipid A portion of LPS

40
Q

Exotoxin

A

Directly harms tissue or destroy biologic activity
Cytolytic enzymes

Receptor binding proteins initiate toxic reactions

41
Q

AB toxins

A 
A = active (carriers out destructive effects)
B = binding (binds to receptor, allowing A site to carry out effects)
42
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis exotoxin

A

Ex. Diphtheria

Blocks EF-2, preventing protein synthesis by ribosome

43
Q

Hyperactivation exotoxin

A

Ex. cholera
Hijack cellular machinery and increases adenylate cyclase
Results in massive cAMP production

44
Q

Nerve-muscle exotoxins

A

Ex. Tetanus or Botulism
Tetanus - blocks inhibitory transmitter

Botulism - inhibits ACH release from vesicles

45
Q

Superantigens

A

Bind both TCR and MHCII without Ag

“Cytokine storm” - life-threatening autoimmune-like response

46
Q

Bacterial encapsulation

A

Generally poorly antigenic

Prevents Ab or complement from binding

47
Q

Ag mimicry

A

Bacteria can produce compounds that the immune system sees as self

48
Q

S. pyogenes capsule

A

Hyaluronic acid

49
Q

S. areus protein A

A

Binds Fc portion of Ab and coats bacteria in host protein

50
Q

Ag variation/shift

A

Bacteria can quickly change Ag of cell surface proteins

“Moving” target for immune system

51
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae type IV pili

A

Many “silent” copies

Recombination between “silent” and “expressed” copies results in a highly variable Ag

52
Q

Inactivation Ab

A

Secretion of proteases that degrade a specific Ig

53
Q

Resistance to complement-mediated killing

A

Limiting access to membrane

Degradation of components of complement

54
Q

Bacteria escaping phagocytic clearance

A

Inhibit opsonization
Inhibit chemotaxis

Kill phagocyte

Inhibit lysosomal fusion

Escape from lysosome

Resistant antibacterial lysosomal action

55
Q

Regulation of virulence factors

A

Bacteria usually don’t constitutively produce virulence factors

56
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Bacteria can sense the size of their population
Regulation of gene expression in response to population size - bacteria acts as a group as opposed to individuals, to save on resources

57
Q

Bacteria that cause opportunistic infection in IV catheters

A

Staph. epidermis

Staph. aureus (MRSA)

58
Q

Bacteria that cause opportunistic infection in wound/surgical infections

A

Staph. aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

59
Q

Bacteria that cause opportunistic infection in endocarditis

A

Strep. viridans

60
Q

Bacteria that cause opportunistic infection in UTI

A

E. coli

61
Q

Bacteria that cause opportunistic infection in colitis

A

Clostridium difficile

Microbio Exam 1 (8 decks)

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