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CIVE40007 – Materials > intro to metals > Flashcards

intro to metals Flashcards

1
Q

How much steel was produced worldwide in 2021?

A

Over 1.95 billion metric tonnes

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2
Q

Which country is the leading producer of steel?

A

China

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3
Q

What percentage of the world’s annual crude steel production did China account for between 2012 and 2019?

A

50%

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4
Q

Name the first structural use of cast iron.

A

Iron Bridge, Coalbrookdale, 1779

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5
Q

What significant structure was built with wrought iron in 1889?

A

The Eiffel Tower

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6
Q

What was the first major bridge built with wrought steel?

A

Firth of Forth Railroad Bridge, Scotland, 1890.

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7
Q

During which age was bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, predominantly used?

A

The Bronze Age

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8
Q

What marks the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age?

A

The predominant use of iron for tools and weapons.

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9
Q

What do concrete and steel have in common?

A

Same thermal expansion

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10
Q

What is used for steel bridges?

A

High-strength galvanised steel

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11
Q

What is a metallic bond?

A

The force of attraction between free electrons and metal ions in metals

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12
Q

What is face-centered cubic (FCC) structure?

A

A crystal structure with an extra atom in the center of each face of the cubic unit

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13
Q

What are grain boundaries in metals?

A

Interfaces between adjacent crystalline regions with different orientations.

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14
Q

How are grain boundaries made more visible?

A

By etching with acid.

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15
Q

What is responsible for the plastic deformation of metals?

A

Dislocations

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16
Q

What does the presence of interstitial atoms indicate in an alloy?

A

Small atoms squeezed between larger atoms in the crystal lattice, affecting the alloy’s properties.

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17
Q

What is copper made?

A

Made from malachite

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18
Q

Why are pure metals not commonly used in commercial applications?

A

They are too soft due to dislocations and lack certain desired mechanical properties

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19
Q

What historical structure utilized 18,038 individual parts and 2.5 million rivets?

A

The Eiffel Tower

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20
Q

What are the properties affected by imperfections in metal crystals?

A

Mechanical properties such as strength and ductility

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21
Q

What is the significance of similar thermal expansion properties of concrete and steel in construction?

A

It prevents structural damage due to temperature variations

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22
Q

Why is steel considered the most important metal in construction?

A

Due to its volume of use and essential role in structural applications

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23
Q

What is the role of substitutional atoms in alloys?

A

They replace atoms in the crystal lattice, modifying the alloy’s properties

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24
Q

What are metalloids?

A

Intermediate metals

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25
Q

What can be said about metals and their melting and boiling points?

A

high

26
Q

What is Hexagonal close packing?

A

A lattice structure which is able to achieve the highest packing density

27
Q

What are examples of imperfection in crystals?

A
  • Substitutional atoms
  • Interstitial atoms
  • Dislocations
  • Vacancies
28
Q

What are vacancies?

A

Missing atom in matrix

29
Q

What is the yield stress in alloys like compared to pure metals?

A

Higher

30
Q

What are substitutional atoms?

A

Atoms of a different size

31
Q

When do grain boundaries occur?

A

You get grain boundaries as metal cools

32
Q

How has the recycling of metals impacted the environment?

A

Recycling reduces the demand for raw material extraction, lowers energy consumption, and decreases greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to environmental sustainability

33
Q

How do protective coatings enhance the longevity of metal structures?

A

Coatings such as galvanizing protect metals from corrosion, significantly extending their service life in harsh environments

34
Q

Where are dislocations generated?

A

Dislocations are generated at stress concentrations or within the material at defects and grain boundaries

35
Q

What are edge dislocation?

A

An edge dislocation occurs when an extra plane or layer of atoms extends part way into the crystal

36
Q

What is involved in forming edge dislocations?

A
  • The row of bonds will break and reattach itself to a different of atoms
  • Change shape and structure
37
Q

What determines yield stress?

A

Dislocation motion

38
Q

What helps to stop dislocations?

A

Defects

39
Q

What is an alloy?

A

An alloy is a metal mixed with other elements

40
Q

How is the microstructure of an alloy determined?

A

Microstructure determined by processing techniques and
characterised by the size and shape of the grains of different phases, and their orientation and distribution

41
Q

What is the microstructure of bronze?

A

Copper + 15% Tin alloy

42
Q

What are the two categories of bronze you can have?

A
  1. Cast
  2. Cast and annealed
43
Q

What is steel composed of?

A

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 2% carbon and 1% manganese

44
Q

How man grades of steel are there currently?

A

3500

45
Q

What are modern cars built with?

A

Modern cars built with new steels that stronger and up to 25% lighter

46
Q

What is the first strengthening mechanism?

A

Control of grain size

47
Q

What is the second strengthening mechanism?

A

Work Hardening

48
Q

How does reducing grain size change yield stress?

A

Increases

49
Q

What are the variables in the Hall-Petch equation?

A
  • yield stress
  • d = grain size
  • k material constant
50
Q

What is the process of work hardening?

A
  • Dislocations have an associated strain field
  • These interact creating a barrier to dislocation motion
51
Q

What does increased dislocation density lead to?

A

Increased interaction and higher strength

52
Q

When do dislocation increase in density?

A

Dislocations, increase in density during plastic flow

53
Q

What is the 3rd strengthening mechanism?

A

Solid solution strengthening

54
Q

How does solid solution strengthening work?

A
  • Solute atoms have an associated strain field
  • These interact with the strain field around dislocations and inhibits motion
55
Q

What is quenching?

A
  • Rapid cooling
56
Q

What is the fourth strengthening mechanism?

A

Precipitation strengthening/hardening

57
Q

How does Precipitation strengthening/hardening work?

A

Second phase particles have an associated strain field that interacts with that of dislocations and makes it harder for the dislocation to move

58
Q

What is yield stress defined as?

A

Lower yield point

59
Q

What do phase diagrams show?

A
  • Which phases are present
  • Temperatures and compositions
60
Q

What do phase diagrams assume?

A

Equilibrium conditions

CIVE40007 – Materials (16 decks)

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