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CIVE40007 – Materials > Glass > Flashcards

Glass Flashcards

1
Q

Why did they used to have lead-framed windows?

A

Leaded windows because the squares were as big as they could cast

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2
Q

What buildings use stained glass windows?

A

Cathedrals

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3
Q

What is the glass feature in the British museum?

A

Glass ceiling

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4
Q

What is example of structural glass?

A

Stairway, e.g., used in apple stores

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5
Q

What are the key properties of glass?

A
  • High stiffness (High Young’s Modulus)
  • Low toughness → associated with catastrophic failure
  • Weak in tension unless made into small fibers → held in a matrix cementitious or polymer
  • Easily damaged
  • Excellent corrosions
  • Low leaching of contaminants
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6
Q

What are the properties of specific types of composite glass?

A
  • High tensile strength
  • Low thermal conductivity
  • Heat resistant (fire protection)
  • Provide noise control
  • Decorative/photographic
  • High impact
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7
Q

What are characterisitics of glasses?

A
  • Amorphous, non-crystalline, with no long range repeated order
  • Produced from liquid state by continuous cooling
  • Inorganic product of fusion
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8
Q

What is the structure of glass?

A
  • SiO_4 tetrahedron is the basic building block for most commercial glasses
  • Covalent and strong bonds
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9
Q

What is crystalline silica composed of?

A
  • Quartz
  • Planes of atoms and it is a regular array
  • Short range order
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10
Q

What temps do you need for fusion to occur?

A
  • 1800˚C
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11
Q

Why is sodium carbonate added to sand?

A

Sodium carbonate added to lower the temp

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12
Q

Glass topic

Why are lead, flint and iron added to the mixture?

A

Added to absorb infrared radiation

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13
Q

What happens on melting the raw material?

A
  • Specific volume does not have an abrupt transition at a fixed temp
  • Retains amorphous structure of liquid phases
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14
Q

What does the viscosity vs temperature curve show?

A
  • Viscosity increased
  • Viscosity inhibits ability to form a crystalline solid
  • Soda-lime glass is workable at much better temp, lower viscosity
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15
Q

What happens when you add alkali oxides in glass?

A
  • Break up structure
  • Disorder due to a distribution of bond distances and angles
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16
Q

What elements make up the microstructure of glass?

A
  • Sodium network modifier
  • Silica glass former
  • Aluminium network former
  • Calcium network modifier
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17
Q

What is the structure of alkali silicate glasses?

A
  • Additional charge of sodium means only 3 bonds so spare oxygen makes charge neutral
  • Ionic non-bridging oxygens formed when alkali added like sodium
  • Glassy and amorphous
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18
Q

What are the raw materials used in making glass?

A
  • Silica Sand
  • Feldspathic sand
  • Sodium carbonate → produce soda ash
  • Calcium carbonate
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19
Q

Whats the compositon of commercial glass?

A
  • 70%-74% - SiO_2
  • 12% -16% - Na_2O
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20
Q

What do special glasses contain?

A

Special glasses contain polymer layers or special coating

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21
Q

What are the different types of glass components?

A
  1. Glassing forming oxides:
    - usually the dominant compositional constituent
  2. Fluxes that reduce melting temp
  3. Property modifiers:
    - added to tailor chemical durability, expansion, viscosity, etc
  4. Coloring (tinting) agents:
  5. Processing agents :
    - minor additives to help promote bubble removal
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22
Q

What element helps to remove bubbles from glass?

A

As-oxide → remove bubbles

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23
Q

How much of minor additives need to be added to help promote bubble removal?

A

Less than 1.0%

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24
Q

What are the physical properties of the microstructure?

A
  • Homogenous, with no interfaces with the material to scatter light
  • No mechanism to stop cracks propagating in normal glass
  • Surface cracks and defects have a high stress-concentrating effect
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25
Q

How can your reduce surface flaws?

A

Polishing

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26
Q

How are surface flaws introduced?

A

Surface flaws introduced by abrasion with hard materials

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27
Q

Where is the highest tensile stress in the rod?

A

At the point closest to the fixed end

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28
Q

What role do flaws play within the material?

A
  • Reduce strength
  • Act as stress concentrators
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29
Q

How can one heal flaws?

A
  • Flame polished by moving the flame up and down the length of the rod.
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30
Q

What is glass sensitive to?

A

Surface flaws

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30
Q

What happens when you break a glass rod?

A

You can see different regions of the crack

30
Q

What are the different zones of fracture in glass?

A

Mirror, mist and hackle

31
Q

What is the smooth region near the fracture zone?

A

Mirror zone

32
Q

What is the small band of rougher surface?

A

Mist zone

33
Q

What is the large irregularly oriented faceted area?

A

The hackle zone

34
Q

How does static fatigue occur?

A

Comes from a reaction between air moisture and crack in high stress region

35
Q

What happens to glass due to static fatigue?

A
  • Glass tensile strength is reduced
  • Breaks bonds and cracks slowly become longer
36
Q

What areas of the world make up 75% of the market in the flat glass industry?

A

Europe, China and North America

37
Q

What is the demand for flat glass driven by?

A

Demand is driven by economic growth and legislation/regulations concerning safety, noise attenuation and the need for energy conservation

38
Q

What is the glass manufacturing process?

A
  1. Raw materials
  2. Batch formation
  3. Melting - form the glass happens on molten tin
  4. Cooling - formed into the shape
  5. Forming
  6. Annealing
  7. Quality control
  8. Packaging
39
Q

What is involved in annealing?

A

Taking the stresses out

40
Q

How long will a standard float plant operate?

A

11 to 15 years

41
Q

How much glass do float plants make a day?

A

7000 tonnes

42
Q

How much glass do float plants make a year?

A

Makes around 6000 kilometres of glass

43
Q

What happens in the float process?

A
  • Molten glass is formed at approximately 1600˚C and is poured continuously from a furnace onto a large shallow bath of molten tin
44
Q

Why is tin used for the float process?

A
  • Tin has the right properties
45
Q

How can the thickness of glass be controlled?

A

Thickness controlled by speed of pouring

46
Q

How long can glass melting last for?

A

Can last 50 hours

47
Q

How is the furnace operated?

A

Furnace is gas or oil fired

48
Q

How can the melt be made homogenous?

A

Water-cooled stirrers

49
Q

Why is glass scored?

A

Glass is scored so it can be snapped to specific sizes

50
Q

What is the depth of the molten tin?

A

50 mm

51
Q

Why is the atmosphere in the furnace inert?

A

To prevent oxidation of the tin

52
Q

What happens to the imperfection in glass mixture?

A

They are melted in the molten tin bath

53
Q

What temperature does glass reach at the end of the tin bath?

A

600˚C

54
Q

True or false glass is a high carbon material?

A

True

55
Q

Where does annealing take place?

A

Annealing in an insulated chamber known as a lehr

56
Q

How does the glass move through the lehr?

A

On rollers

57
Q

How can you toughen glass?

A

For toughened glass quench it from both sides

58
Q

How can you modify glass?

A
  • Tint it
  • Coat it
  • Wire glass
59
Q

When do you tint and give an example of what’s added to make tints?

A
  • Extra ingredients added to the raw materials at the melting stage
  • Co and Ni tint glass grey
60
Q

What is coated glass? Give an example.

A
  • Glass can be coated on-line in the float process as the ribbon of glass is formed
  • Chemical vapour deposition applies microscopically thin coating
61
Q

What is wired glass?

A
  • Wired glass is made by a rolling process
  • Steel wire mesh sandwiched between separate ribbons of glass (semi-molten)
62
Q

What are examples of speciality glasses?

A
  • Gorilla Glass
  • Optilam
  • Pyroshield
63
Q

How is laminated glas produced?

A

Laminated glass produced by bonding two or more layers of glass together using a special plasticized interlayer

64
Q

What conditions is laminated glass processed under?

A

Processed under controlled heat and pressure conditions

65
Q

What are the typical components of structural glass?

A

3 layers of glass bonded by (1st) DuPont and (2nd) SentryGlas Plus ionoplast

66
Q

What are the uses of glass in construction?

A
  • Flat glass
  • Laminated glass
  • Glass blocks
  • Glass fibre
  • Recycled glass
  • Lightweight glass aggregate
  • Waste encapsulation
67
Q

What is decorative cement-bonded glass concrete?

A

The process involves integrating recycled glass chips into the concrete mix and replacing a part or all of the traditional aggregate.

68
Q

What are polymer/resin bonded glass products?

A
  • 95% recycled glass bottles
  • Bound together with a solvent-free resin
  • Poured into mould
69
Q

What is polymer/resion bonded glass used for?

A

Worktops, tiles, flooring

70
Q

How are decorative glass tiles formed?

A
  • Can also be granualr bottles and they are pressed and partly melted
71
Q

What are pavers used for?

A

Pavers are often used for paving outdoor areas

72
Q

What are slips used for?

A

Slips are thin layers applied to a surface

73
Q

What are tiles used for?

A

Tiles can be used for a variety of surfaces, such as floors and walls.

74
Q

What are pavers composed of?

A
  • 50% CRT glass
  • 97% recycled glass

CIVE40007 – Materials (16 decks)

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