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Biochem - Year 1 Biomed > Intro To Metabolic Pathways > Flashcards

Intro To Metabolic Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

How do plants get their energy source

A

Through photosynthesis of co2 and water into glucose chemical energy

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2
Q

How is photosynthesis a anabolic reaction

A

It produces glucose from the reduction (gain of electrons and H) of co2 from water photolysis

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3
Q

Where do animals get their energy source

A

From diet

They can get polysaccharides such as starch in foods which are then broken down by amylases disaccharidases into glucose etc

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4
Q

What are humans called due to getting energy from chemical reactions eg glycolysis

A

Chemotrophs

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5
Q

What are the animals called which get energy from different sources such as food

A

Heterotrophs

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6
Q

What is the definition of metabolism

A

Bio chemicals modification of chemical compounds such as glucose

Catalysed by enzymes

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7
Q

What is a catabolic pathway and the properties it holds

A

It is the breakdown of molecules

It is energy generating (generates ATP)

It is oxidative - (it generates NADH)

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8
Q

What are the properties of an anabolic pathway

A

It is a build up reaction eg build of muscle from amino acids or production of hormones

Requires energy (generated by catabolic pathway)

It is reductive (it requires transfer of electrons to molecules) (USING NADPH)

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9
Q

Why is catabolic reactions called oxidative?

A

Because they generate NADH from NAD by oxidation of molecules such as glucose

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10
Q

Why do anabolic reactions need NADPH

A

Because they need the electrons from the NADPH to be transferred to the molecules

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11
Q

What 3 things is the energy generated from catabolic reactions used for

A

Active transport (eg of AA across membranes)

Mechanical work (muscle movement)

Heat

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12
Q

What is the problem with the energy source of humans being from food and what do we rectify that by

A

Because we need energy constantly but energy source is only available when we eat..

We need to store energy eg in form of starch or glycogen

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13
Q

What would happen if our energy source got too much and wasted substrate for anabolic reactions

A

Too much energy would be stored and cause obesity

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14
Q

Which type of pathway is exergonic (releases free energy) -DG

A

Catabolic pathway

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15
Q

What do endergonic reaction mean

A

Require energy to occur

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16
Q

What 3 ways do endergonic reactions take place

A

1- increasing temp

2- increasing substrate

3- link to favoured reactions (exergonic)

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17
Q

How does coupling of exergonic catabolic pathways and endergonic anabolic pathways occur

A

Using ATP generated from catabolic processes

ATP can be transported to unfavoured reactions such as muscle production and release energy by hydrolysis of ATP = transfer energy

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18
Q

Why is atp hydrolysis exergonic (releasing energy)

A

Phosphoanhydride bonds are very easily broken by h20 due to electrostatic repulsion and resonance stability = transfer energy to anabolic reactions

19
Q

Which other 3 other than ATP are used for energy providing to anabolic reactions

A

GTP - for protein metabolism

CTP- for lipid synthesis

UTP- for carbohydrate metabolism - Eg glycogenesis

20
Q

What is an acetyl group made of

A

C = O
|
CH3

21
Q

What is the bond called between an acetyl group and the b mercaptoethylamine on the acetyl coA

A

A thioester bond

22
Q

What is acetyl from acetyl coA used for

A

The citric acid cycle to be oxidised further generating NADH and FADH

23
Q

What is the thioester (thiol) bond between in acetyl coA

A

S - C

24
Q

Why is thioester between the mercaptoethylamine and acetyl in acetyl coA exergonic(energetic)

A

Releases energy when hydrolysed

25
Q

What 2 other thioesters are there apart from acetyl coA

A

Succinyl coA

Fatty acyl coA

26
Q

Why is glucose into co2 and H20 exergonic (releases energy)

A

Because glucose is oxidative with the help of NAD picking up a H and electrons

To then reduce 02 in oxidative phosphorylation

27
Q

Why does glucose energy need to be released step by step and how does it do this

A

Because if burned to release energy the release isn’t controlled

It does this by using NAD and FAD

28
Q

What is the difference between NAD and NADP

A

NADP has an extra phosphate group added to hydroxyl on one sugar of NaD

29
Q

Where is H added to on NAD in the oxidation of molecules such as oxygen

A

On the nicotinamide ring

30
Q

How many Hydrogens are accepted by NAD and FAD

A

2 H and 2 E

31
Q

What is a reductant

A

Something that donates its electrons to reduce another molecule (NADH)

32
Q

What is an oxidant

A

Something that gains electrons by the oxidation of eg NADH into NAD

33
Q

Why do electrons move from reductant to oxidant

A

Because reductants have low affinity for electrons as they lose them in order to reduce something else

34
Q

What does NaD stand for

A

Nicotinamide adenosine dinuleotide

35
Q

What does FAD stand for

A

Flavin adenosine dinucleotide

36
Q

Where does 2 H and electrons get accepted in FAD when it is being reduced (oxidant)

A

On its isoalloxazinegrouo where 2 hydrogens are seperated

37
Q

Name 5 ways pathways are controlled

A

1- negative feedback

2- feed forwaward

3- isoenzymes

4- compartmentalisation

5- multi enzyme complexes

6- reciprocal regulation

38
Q

How does negative feedback work

A

When levels of the end product are high , this will allosterically inhibit the enzyme in the pathway to stop working

39
Q

How does feedforward work to speed up pathway eg if something is toxic

A

More substrate is added of the reactant to then be converted quicker in pathway

40
Q

What are isoenzymes are how does it give flexibility

A

Enzymes which catalyse the same reaction as enzyme in pathway

These respond differently to different things eg could be activated whilst other enzyme is inhibited

41
Q

What are multi enzyme complexes for

A

Multiple AS so multiple enzymes working on different reactions can be inhibited altogether or activated all together

42
Q

What is compartmentalisation

A

Keeping a reaction to eg one area of the mitochondria

43
Q

How does reciprocal regulation work

A

When 1 pathway affects another

Eg if 1 path goes forward another will be repressed (antagonistic)

44
Q

What is the differences between alkenes and alkynes

A

Alkenes have 1 or more c=c

Alkynes are also UNSATURATED BUT TRIPLE BONDED C C

Biochem - Year 1 Biomed (21 decks)

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