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Biochem - Year 1 Biomed > Amino Acid And Alcohol Metabolism > Flashcards

Amino Acid And Alcohol Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between amino acid catabolism as use for energy compared to lipid

A

Amino acids are not stored and only synthesised when needed eg to make enzymes

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2
Q

What 2 reasons do we need amino acid catabolism

A

Remove excess amino acids from blood

Provide energy if little glucose present

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3
Q

How do free amino acids come about

A

Proteins are recycled if not needed

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4
Q

What is amino acid pool used for

A

Produce metabolic intermediates for example in citric cycle either for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

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5
Q

What is the difference between essential AA and non essential

A

Essential- amino acids only provided by diet

Non essential- ones we can get from recycling of proteins

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6
Q

How does starvation using amino acid catabolism causing death

A

Because macro molecules like antibodies are broken down to supply the amino acids for catabolic pathway to form intermediates

Functioning proteins are lost

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7
Q

Which 7 intermediates are formed by amino acids

A 
Acetyl coa 
Pyruvate 
Oxaloacetate 
A ketoglutarate 
Acetoacetyl coA (ketogenesis) 
Succinyl coA 
Fumarate
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8
Q

Which part of an amino acid is used for energy production

A

Carboxylate, R and H = CARBON SKELETON

Carbon is oxidised for energy remember

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9
Q

What happens to the amino group in liver

A

Converted to urea from ammonia and then excreted as waste

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10
Q

What are glucogenic amino acids

A

AA used for gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

What are ketogenic AA

A

Generate ketones eg generation of acetoacetyl coA from amino acids
And acetyl coA

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12
Q

Which enzymes are key in amino acid metabolism

A

Transaminases

Amino acid transferases

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13
Q

How are amino acids converted into intermediates

A

Amino acid transferases with swap the amino group for a keto group

Eg forming a ketoglutarate from glutamate and keto group

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14
Q

How are amino acids returned back from intermediates

A

Addition of an amino acid again

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15
Q

What does a free amino ability to move generate

A

Many different amino acids that are now non essential due to the synthesis from intermediates

The amino group adds into their carbon skeleton = nee amino acid produced

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16
Q

How many amino acids are non essential due to AA metabolism

A

11

17
Q

How does eg aspartate transferase enzyme work

A

Glutamate adds an amino group to oxaloacetate whilst picking a keto group up itself

This forms aspartate from the amino addition to oxaloacetate and also forms a ketoglutarate from addition of a keto onto glutamate

18
Q

In an amino acid transferase (transaminase) reaction where is the amino group transferred to in order for a amino acid to add a keto

A

Transferred to another amino acid carbon skeleton so produces 1 new amino acid from the addition of amino and a different intermediate from addition of a keto

19
Q

Give an example of essential and non essential amino acids

A

Essential - phe, tyr,

Non essential - glutamate, alanine, aspartate

20
Q

Which amino acid does ethanol increase response to (why it’s called depressant)

A

GABA

21
Q

Which good cholesterol does ethanol increase

A

HPL

22
Q

Where is alcohol removed and converted by detoxification

A

Liver

23
Q

What happens when liver reaches its maximum alcohol consumption

A

Body becomes anaesthetic and increase blood alcohol and death if too much

24
Q

What is ethanol converted to first in detoxification and how

A

Converted to acetal aldehyde (toxic)

By the reduction of NAD into NADH

By alcohol dehydrogenase

25
Q

How is acetal aldehyde removed

A

Converted by reduction of nad to NADH by aldehyde dehydrogenase

Into acetic acid

26
Q

What happens to pyruvate due to the build up of NADH by liver alcohol metabolism

A

Converted into lactate to regenerate NAD

27
Q

What happens due to high atp present and also NADH from alcohol metabolism

A

Ketones will be produced instead
= acidosis

Acetoacetate into 3 hydroxybutyrate

28
Q

What does NADH from alcohol metabolism inhibit causing hypoglycaemia and also Lipogenesis

A

Gluconeogenesis and the citric acid cycle (stops in presence of NADH)

Acetyl coA will be converted to lipids instead

29
Q

Because alcohol causes Lipogenesis, what disease is linked to this

A

Fatty liver disease and also type 2 diabetes

30
Q

Why do some people suffer more from hangovers

A

Polymorphic changes in dna which mean they have insufficient aldehyde dehydrogenase so more acetal aldehyde builds up = sickness

31
Q

How do drugs treating alcoholism work

A

They induce hangover symptoms purposely

Biochem - Year 1 Biomed (21 decks)

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