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ENG 211 > Intro to Linguistics > Flashcards

Intro to Linguistics Flashcards

Vocab and Terminology

1
Q

linguistic competence

A

system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of language

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2
Q

linguistic performance

A

the way a language system is used in communication

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3
Q

performance errors

A

results from learner’s lack of knowledge of the correct rules

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4
Q

speech communication chain

A

a message moves between the mind of the speaker and the mind of the listener

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5
Q

speech communication chain steps

A

information that’s communicated is encoded by speaker into sequence of gestures which generate sound, which is communicated to listener, and is processed by the hearing mechanism into a neural signal that’s interpreted to the meaning/intention

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6
Q

noise

A

a sound

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7
Q

lexicon

A

word choice, vocab of a person/language/branch of knowledge

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8
Q

mental grammar

A

generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand

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9
Q

language variation

A

regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used

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10
Q

descriptive grammar

A

set of rules about language based on how it is actually used; no right or wrong language

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11
Q

evidence that writing and language are not the same (list 4 reasons)

A
  1. writing is permanent and usually cannot be changed when printed, whereas language can change
  2. written text can communicate across time and space, but language is used for immediate interactions
  3. writing makes use of punctuation, headings, and layouts, but language uses timing, tone, and volume to add emotion
  4. writing doesn’t receive immediate feedback from readers, while language is a dynamic interaction between two or more people
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12
Q

reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech (list 3 reasons)

A
  1. you do not have to complete writing in a live setting
  2. writing is an easier way to express ideas and thoughts
  3. you don’t have to think about your body language while conveying a written message
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13
Q

prescriptive grammar

A

set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used

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14
Q

prescribe

A

recommend something as beneficial

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15
Q

Charles Hockett’s nine design features

A

broadcast transmission and directional reception, transitoriness, interchangeability total feedback, specialization, semanticity, arbitrariness, discreteness, and displacement

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16
Q

mode of communication

A

the way communication is expressed: interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational

17
Q

semanticity

A

quality of linguistic system to convey meanings

18
Q

pragmatic function

A

the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the listener

19
Q

interchangeability

A

humans can give and receive identical linguistic signals

20
Q

cultural transmission

A

attitudes, values, and beliefs, and behavioral scripts are passed onto and taught to individuals

21
Q

arbitrariness

A

quality of being based on random choice, rather than any reason

22
Q

linguistic sign

A

any unit of language (morpheme, word, phrase) used to designate objects of reality

23
Q

convention

A

principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or community about how to use a specific term

24
Q

nonarbitrariness

A

not random, done so with reasoning

25
Q

iconic

A

relationship of resemblance between two aspects of a sign (ex: an image is directly related to its meaning)

26
Q

onomatopoeia

A

formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named

27
Q

conventionalized

A

something made based on what is generally done or believed

28
Q

sound symbolism

A

the partial representation of the sense of a word by its sound

29
Q

discreteness

A

concept that representation can be broken down into small, discrete units that can recombine with other small units to create new representations

30
Q

displacement

A

capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present

31
Q

productivity

A

degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process, esp. in word formation

32
Q

modality

A

options that allow for expressing a speaker’s general intentions as well as their beliefs

33
Q

myths about signed languages

A
  1. it’s universal
  2. only uses your hands
  3. invented by hearing people
  4. it’s based on english
34
Q

differences between codes and languages

A
  1. code is simply text, no speech
  2. code gets converted before it can run, and language is immediately converted
  3. code has a finite set of rules, and language is not strictly defined by its rules
  4. language is a social activity and code is created through a computer

ENG 211 (7 decks)

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