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SFOM Exam 3 > Intro to Innate and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Intro to Innate and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physical or anatomic barriers associated with the innate immune response?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Normal flora
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2
Q

What are the chemical and physiological barriers associated with the innate immune response?

A
  • Mucus, saliva, tears
  • pH
  • Stomach acid
  • Local chemical factors - lysozyme, lactoferrin
  • Complement system
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3
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of a cell in a particular direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a chemical

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4
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Coating of the pathogen surface to make it readily ingested by phagocytes

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5
Q

How is the classical complement pathway activated?

A

By IgM and IgG antibodies bound to antigens

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6
Q

How is the alternative complement pathway activated?

A

On microbial cell surfaces in the absence of antibody

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7
Q

How is the lectin complement pathway activated?

A

By plasma lectins that bind to surface carbohydrates on microbes

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8
Q

What are the three outcomes of the complement pathways?

A
  1. Opsonization - coating of the pathogen surface to make it readily ingested by phagocytes
  2. Direct lysis - membrane attack complex (MAC) forms pores in the membrane thus damaging the membrane and killing pathogens
  3. Proinflammatory effects/chemotaxis - release of anaphylotoxins (C3a, C5a) which activate immune cell recruitment and inflammation
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9
Q

What are examples of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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10
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion of foreign particles by phagocytes

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11
Q

What is the funciton of neutrophils?

A

Killing of invaders by phagocytosis

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12
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A
  • Killing of invaders by phagocytosis
  • Release of cytokines
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13
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small secreted proteins that have specific effects on the interactions and communications between cells

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14
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Cytokines that act as a chemoattractant to guide migration of cells during chemotaxis

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15
Q

What are some examples of chemokines?

A

CXCL-8, CCL2, CXCR-2, CCR-2

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16
Q

What are the principal cell sources of type I interferons?

A

IFN-alpha: dendritic cells, macrophages
IFN-beta: fibroblasts, epithelial cells

17
Q

What do type I interferons target and cause?

A

All cells: antiviral state, increased MHC I expression
NK cells: activation

18
Q

What are the principal cell sources of tumor necrosis factors?

A

Macrophages, T cells, mast cells

19
Q

What cytokines are synthesized as inactive precursors and must be cleaved to become active?

A

IL-1beta and IL-18

20
Q

What are inflammasomes?

A

Multiprotein complexes that assemble in the cytosol in response to microbes or cell injury
Composed of oligomers of a sensor, caspase-1, and an adaptor

21
Q

How can inflammasomes cause pyroptosis?

A

Inflammasome-activated caspase-1 may proteolytically cleave the cytosolic protein gasdermin D, generating an N-terminal fragment that polymerizes in the plasma membrane and forms a pore. This pore releases cleaved IL-1beta out of the cell and water and ions into the cell, leading to cell death by osmotic lysis (pyroptosis)

22
Q

Inflammasome activation of caspases causing pyroptosis occurs in what cells?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Does not occur in neutrophils and most other cell types

23
Q

What are antigens?

A

A molecule or molecular fragment that is recognized by adaptive immune cells or antibodies and is capable of inducing an immune response

24
Q

Summarize the innate immune response.

A
  • Protection with anatomical, physiological, and chemical barriers
  • Enemy overcame primary barriers and entered host
  • Phagocytes try to kill the enemy
  • Phagocytes release cytokines and chemokines to alert other cells (APCs) of invasion
  • APCs inform adaptive immune cells of what antigen it is and what specific response would be helpful
25
Q

Describe the time of action of the innate immune response.

A

Immediate (minutes to days)

26
Q

Describe the activation of the innate immune system.

A

Already activated, innately present

27
Q

Describe the specificity of the innate immune system.

A

Limited to common patterns on pathogens

28
Q

Describe the memory of the innate immune system.

A

No memory

29
Q

What are the functions of T cells?

A
  • Produce cytokines which enhance activities of phagocytes
  • Kill infected cells
  • Activate B cells
30
Q

What are the two types of T cells?

A

Helper T Cells (CD4+) and Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

31
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A
  • Express CD4
  • Depending on the enemy, decides what kind of response should happen
  • Release the message (cytokines and chemokines)
  • Activate other cells, including phagocytes, to launch an appropriate response against the enemy
32
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A
  • Express CD8
  • Receive signals from helper T cells
  • Release proteins and kill the enemy
  • Release cytokines
33
Q

What are the functions of B cells?

A
  • Produce specific antibodies (immunoglobulins)
  • Opsonize the pathogen
34
Q

What do secreted antibodies eliminate?

Humoral immunity

A

Extracellular microbes

35
Q

Describe the time of action of the adaptive immune response.

A

Delayed (weeks)

36
Q

Describe the activation of the adaptive immune response.

A

Delayed (weeks), activation on exposure to antigen

37
Q

Describe the specificity of the adaptive immune response.

A

High target specificity

38
Q

Describe the memory of the adaptive immune response.

A

B and T memory cells remember pathogen

39
Q

Summarize the adaptive immune response.

A
  • Recognition of antigen by lymphocytes
  • Helper T cells produce cytokines to activate other cells, including phagocytes, to launch an attack
  • Activated CD8 T cells start killing infected cells
  • B cells produce specific antibodies
  • Antibodies opsonize invading pathogens

SFOM Exam 3 (29 decks)

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